Essay about Feminism in Jane Austen - 1034 Words

Feminism in Jane Austen quot;I often wonder how you can find time for what you do, in addition to the care of the house; and how good Mrs. West could have written such books and collected so many hard works, with all her family cares, is still more a matter of astonishment! Composition seems to me impossible with a head full of joints of mutton and doses of rhubarb.quot; -- Jane Austen, letter of September 8 1816 to Cassandra quot;I will only add in justice to men, that though to the larger and more trifling part of the sex, imbecility in females is a great enhancement of their personal charms, there is a portion of them too reasonable and too well informed themselves to desire any thing more in woman than ignorance.quot; --†¦show more content†¦And it has been pointed out that Jane Austen makes an implicit statement by simply disregarding certain strictures of her era that may not be obvious to modern readers. For example most of Jane Austens heroines (Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice, Elinor Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility, Fanny Price in Mansfield Park, Anne Elliot in Persuasion, and even Emma Woodhouse in Emma) dont have anyone whom they can confide in, or whose advice they can rely on, about certain delicate matters. Thus they must make their own decisions more or less independently (for example, Elizabeth Bennet doesnt reveal to Jane, her sister and closest confidante, her changed feelings about Darcy until he has actually proposed again, and she has accepted). Similarly, in a letter of November 30th 1814 to her niece Fanny Knight, discussing whether Fanny should engage herself to one Mr. Plumtre, Jane Austen wrote: quot;...you must not let anything depend on my own opinion. Yo ur own feelings amp; none but your own, should determine such an important pointquot;. Such moral autonomy on the part of young women would by no means have been universally approved of in Jane Austens day, as can be seen from Sir Thomass diatribes in Mansfield Park, when Fanny Price is resisting his advice to marry Henry Crawford. Thus another novel writer, (Fanny Burney) hadShow MoreRelatedFeminism, By Jane Austen1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel, Emma, Austen presents a view of feminism that, at this point in time is quite outstanding for her to do. Men were the dominant gender and in England women remained submissive to the men at all times. Women had specific roles in the household and in society. When the girls are young, they are expected to obey their fathers until they are grown and passed off to a husband so they are financially supported at all times during their life. Emma is a story about the everyday life of EmmaRead MoreJane Austen and Her Feminism1158 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen and Her Feminism ---analyzing of feminism revealed in Pride and Prejudice Introduction It is universally acknowledged that Jane Austen was a major woman novelist in English; but it is also a truth that almost as universally ignored that Jane Austen was a feminist. By intensively reading her six novels (Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion) and studying feminism, I have found some significant and fresh thingsRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MoreFeminism in Northanger Abbey and Persuasion by Jane Austen1940 Words   |  8 PagesFeminism in Northanger Abbey From my point of view, Jane Austen should be seen as a ‘feminist’ writer. As she wrote in one of her novel Persuasion, she considers that ‘Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story. Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. I will not allow books to prove anything’ (Anne Elliot, in Jane Austen’s Persuasion). Such feminist ideas are expressed in many of her literary works. In her another novelRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1142 Words   |  5 PagesPrejudice: Feminist Origins Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice in 1813, and it is seen as an important novel. Jane Austen grew up in a patriarchal society, with a father being a clergyman. Austen went against the normal for girls and rejected the man that proposed to her. She then began to write in a woman’s perspective. By using the feminist lens to analyze Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, readers can realize how Austen used the characters in her novel to portray feminism, which at the time wasRead MoreEssay Feminism and Jane Austens Emma1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn eighteenth century which feminist in social status was not popular by that time, author can only through literature to express her thought and discontented about society. Jane Austen’s Emma advocates a concept about the equality of men and women. Also satirizes women would depend on marriage in exchange to make a living or money in that era. By the effect of society bourgeois, Emma has little self-arrogant. She is a middl e class that everyone could admire, â€Å"Young, pretty, rich and clever†, sheRead More Taking The Castle of Otranto as your example, outline the main conventions1454 Words   |  6 Pagesproperty, and their desire for something far more extraordinary and exciting than simply to be a domestic woman. The use of the supernatural by Walpole is so frequent and monstrous as to excite laughter rather than terror but for Radcliffe and Austen the supernatural is not visible but is an invisible hand that makes sure that good always triumphs and evil is always punished (Andriopoulos, 1999) . It is necessary to be aware of these Gothic conventions to be receptive too much of the humourRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1116 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, feminism is described as â€Å"the advocacy of equality of the sexes and the establishment of the political, social and economic rights of the female sex.† It emphasizes the many ways women have been suppressed, repressed, and oppressed. Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is about Elizabeth, a young middle-class woman who falls in love with Mr. Darcy, a rich, prideful man whom she has sworn to loath based on a misguided first impression. Furthermore, it’sRead MoreFemininity in Eighteenth-Century England Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagespertain to every English woman, as seen in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. The novel follows the Bennet sisters on their quest for marriage, with much of it focusing on the two oldest sisters, Jane and Elizabeth. By the end, three women – Jane, Elizabeth, and Elizabethà ¢â‚¬â„¢s friend, Charlotte Lucas – are married. However, these three women differ greatly in their following of feminine concepts, as well as their attitude towards marriage. Austen foils Jane, Charlotte, and Elizabeth’s personasRead MoreJane Austins Pride and Prejudice: A Famous Work of Englands Regency Period 1636 Words   |  7 Pagesridiculed these social standards in their writing. Famous novelist Jane Austen was known for satirizing many social customs of the Regency Period in her romantic fiction novels, placing a special emphasis on women’s rights. Pride and Prejudice in particular depicted protagonist Elizabeth Bennet as a smart, headstrong, free thinking individual who didn’t let negative outside forces sway her beliefs. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen challenges the social propriety and creates her own ideals for women

Risk Management both - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8690 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction Overview Detailed study has been started to understand Risk Management both conceptually and as a process on its own comprising on several stages, tasks and responsibilities. A series of interviews has been performed with an Information System Support Analyst working within the IT industry in order to identify key aspects of Organisational Risk Management in a typical IT firm. It has been identified, by reading several online research journals and conducting interviews that Risk Management can be better understood either by studying different case studies or practically meeting key risk management individuals preferably working within the IT industry to seek knowledge on types of risks these individuals forecast and the measures identified to avoid the probability of their occurrence.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management both" essay for you Create order Focus of this research has been maintained towards differentiating the application of Risk Management within small and large IT organisations using CRAMM as a methodology. Relevant risk management individuals are yet to be identified and approached for interviews and further analysis of the topic. Some evidence of the study to date is as follows: Overview of Risk Management Process An efficient and effective risk management strategy plays a vital role towards building an organisations Information Technology security. A major objective of a successful risk management process is not just safe guarding the organisations IT infrastructure but also the organisations ability to achieve its objectives. Hence risk management should not just be treated solely as an IT task but more of a strategic policy implementation that is later on based on strong computerised systems. It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective IT tools and methodologies. Risk can be defined as the impact or effects of a weakness within a system, a department or an organisation. Risk is usually studied based on the calculations and estimations of its probability and the impact of occurrence. Organisational risks can be highly devastating for it to achieve its goals. Hence, organisations are always working towards strengthening their risk management strategies and measures so to avoid the impact and probability of its occurrence. An effective risk management policy usually comprises the following stages: Identification of Risks Risk Assessment Risk Analysis Potential Risk Treatments Risk Management Plan Execution of Plan Review and Evaluation of the Plan Keeping the key objectives of this research under consideration, the study is being performed towards understanding the development framework of a typical risk management software application which will be effective enough for assessing, analysing and mitigating risks which are expected to occur within IT organisations and systems. Importance of Risk Management in IT Organisation Effective Risk management is vital for every development and production based organisation. Ina typical IT organisation, development of various vital computer applications is always an ongoing process whereby new ideas are being computerised every day. This never ending development involves a wide variety of IT resources being involved. Even a smallest harm to such vital resources can result into huge costs or time delays to the company. Hence, for an IT organisation, irrespective or their size, it is essential to have an effectively designed, tested and reviewed risk management process so to avoid the worse consequences. Within an IT environment, there are risks involved in everything they do because of a heavy usage of high profile computer applications and hardware being used non-stop. In order to be sure that all the processes and systems are being used within the safety and risk proof standards, it is essential to have a continuous risk identification and analysis process. Risk management contributes to the following vital factors: Increased certainty Better service delivery Effective change management Efficient use of resources Better decision making Surety to invest in new Innovations Safer working environment In order to understand risk management in detail, it is essential to identify various risk management methodologies and frameworks currently applied in the market. Several risk management frameworks have been identified and studied to differentiate their applications and effects on risk occurrences and impacts. Risk Management Methodologies CRAMM It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective tools, methodologies and frameworks. As expressed in the proposal, this research studies a market leading Risk Management methodology called CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method). The idea of CRAMM came into reality in 1987 by CCTA (Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency) of the United Kingdom government and is one of the market leading risk management frameworks on today. CRAMM is a sophisticated methodology and is currently on its version 5.0 which comprises of a three staged risk management framework: Asset identification and valuation. Threat and vulnerability assessment. Countermeasure selection and recommendation. CRAMM is simply a framework that uses a specific format. This format includes the following key components: Interviews, meetings and surveys to gather data Divides IT assets into sub categories such as: data, software and physical assets Helps you realise the impact of the occurrence of a risk Identifies the likelihood of a threat to occur Research Justification An effective risk management strategy, when transferred into hardcoded software applications, provides assurance to the higher level executives of an organisation towards successfully achieving the following objectives: The smooth development and delivery of products. Time, cost and quality assurance of products to meet the standards. Analysing, assessing, controlling and managing the risks involved, with in time. The standards of operations in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. However, risk management process can be different based on the size of organisations. This research paper will also identify the difference of risk management implementations between large and small organisations. Project Aims and Objective A major aim of this research work is to focus on the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Project Problem Areas Research has been fairly successful till now although time constraint is one of a concern as it took a considerable time for project proposal to be accepted. Due to this, the study has just started lately so it is slightly early to determine the problem areas however, while conducting research following aspect have been identified to be particularly challenging: The most challenging aspect of this research to date is one of the key objectives of understanding Risk Management from a practical point of view I.e. how risk management is performed within real IT organisations. To accomplish this it is vital to conduct several interview sessions with an individual working in an IT organisation preferably within the risk management environment. Another challenging task is to identify the application of CRAMM within the IT environment. Till now the research has only identified CRAMM within ITIL environment which is although relevant but very specialised. This will hinder the understanding and relevance of CRAMM as a leading methodology within IT industry. Based on the above factor, it will be difficult to identify the technical design and architecture of such a risk management application which is one of the major objectives of this research. The above factors are challenging yet interesting since every dissertation project brings along difficulties and challenges to accomplish. Above factors are difficult but not impossible to achieve. An effective risk management strategy, when transferred into hardcoded software applications, provides assurance to the higher level executives of an organisation towards successfully achieving the following objectives: The smooth development and delivery of products. Time, cost and quality assurance of products to meet the standards. Analysing, assessing, controlling and managing the risks involved, with in time. The standards of operations in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. However, risk management process can be different based on the size of organisations. This research paper will also identify the difference of risk management implementations between large and small organisations Literature Review Aims and Objective A major aim of this research work is to focus on the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Problem Area In this competitive digital era where organisations depend on various types of database driven Information Systems to store internal and external information which is a key to their success, companies need strong risk management strategies and measures in order to protect their knowledge base and other important information assets. These assets together help organisation achieve their goals and objectives and are based on different IT platforms. Hence, effective risk management strategy establishes strong policies, controls and measures to safe guard these assets. Brewer, Dr. David agrees in March 2003 that an efficient and effective risk management strategy plays a vital role towards building an organisations Information Technology security. A major objective of a successful risk management process is not just safe guarding the organisations IT infrastructure but also the organisations ability to achieve its objectives. Hence risk management should not just be treated solely as an IT task but more of a strategic policy implementation that is later on based on strong computerised systems. (Brewer, Dr. David. (March 2003)) It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective IT tools and methodologies. Risk Management Concept Brewer, Dr. David expresses about this competitive digital world in another article in 2002 by that organisations depend on various types of database driven Information Systems to store internal and external information which is a key to their success, companies also need strong risk management strategies and measures in order to protect their knowledge base and other important information assets. These assets together help organisation achieve their goals and objectives and are based on different IT platforms. Hence, effective risk management strategy establishes strong policies, controls and measures to safe guard these assets. (Brewer, Dr. David. (March 2003)) While discussing risks involved in Ecommerce, Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil debates in 2000 that risk can be defined as the impact or effects of a weakness within a system, a department or an organisation. Risk is usually studied based on the calculations and estimations of its probability and the impact of occurrence. Organisational risks can be highly devastating for it to achieve its goals. Hence, organisations are always working towards strengthening their risk management strategies and measures so to avoid the impact and probability of its occurrence. An effective risk management policy usually comprises the following stages: Identification of Risks Risk Assessment Risk Analysis Potential Risk Treatments Risk Management Plan Execution of Plan Review and Evaluation of the Plan Keeping the key objectives of this research under consideration, the study is being performed towards understanding the development framework of a typical risk management software application which will be effective enough for assessing, analysing and mitigating risks which are expected to occur within IT organisations and systems. (Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil (2000)) Risk Management in Information Technology Industry As per several interview sessions with Mr Dilawer Khan of Cerillion technologies Ltd, London, Effective Risk management is vital for every development and production based organisation. In a typical Information Technology organisation, development of various vital computer applications is always an ongoing process whereby new ideas are being computerised every day. This never ending development involves a wide variety of IT resources being involved. Even a smallest harm to such vital resources can result into huge costs or time delays to the company. Hence, for an IT organisation, irrespective or their size, it is essential to have an effectively designed, tested and reviewed risk management process so to avoid the worse consequences. Within an IT environment, Mr Khan claims, there are risks involved in everything they do because of a heavy usage of high profile computer applications and hardware being used non-stop. In order to be sure that all the processes and systems are being used within the safety and risk proof standards, it is essential to have a continuous risk identification and analysis process. According to Mr Khan, risk management contributes to the following vital factors: Increased certainty Better service delivery Effective change management Efficient use of resources Better decision making Surety to invest in new Innovations Safer working environment (Information gathered during an interview with Mr Khan: Cerillion Technologies Ltd, London 21/11/2009) In order to understand risk management in detail, it is essential to identify various risk management methodologies and frameworks currently applied in the market. Several risk management frameworks have been identified and studied to differentiate their applications and effects on risk occurrences and impacts. Risk Management in SMEs and Large Businesses With the drastic growth in advertising and marketing over the internet, organisations, be at large multinational setups or SMEs; have invested considerable revenue into making themselves pronounced globally over the growing world wide web. Organisations have not just invested in advertising over the internet but also the way businesses used to share or spread confidential information has changed drastically due to more and more advancements in the ease of communication channels provided by the internet. Now days, businesses communicate globally over various internet interconnected networks by converting information into several formats such as digital and other web based storage and sharing medium, and allow others to share over the widely interconnected network. As companies and businesses are becoming paper free and performing web based transactions, more and more viruses, malware, spam, phishing and other online criminal activities have started to become evident. These intangible criminal activities have, on several occasions, resulted in businesses losing huge chunks of investments and have affected the level of trust users gained on business over the internet. These threats have also increased the requirement for investments in securing business assets by protecting the Technical resources of the company and implementing strong IT controls and protocols to keep information protected. An interesting article called An Open Framework for Risk Management by Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D in 2000 debates that with the progress in communication and information sharing platforms, online collaboration has become a major part of every organisations daily tasks. What was gathered from interviewing Mr Khan was relevant to this journal whereby he expresses this collaboration is important for companies yet carry a threat of information security. Organisations need to ensure that any medium that is being used for internal or external collaboration has been fully protected. Organisations tend to invest towards information security depending on their financial limitations. Hence, the biggest difference in the strength of information security between SMEs and large organisations is that SMEs can only invest a limited amount towards securing their information and collaboration channels. Small and medium enterprises are also found to be less aware of the consequences of information security threats where as they seem to be more interested towards investing into new communication channels and transfer of digital information. However, the lack of finances to be invested towards securing these channels has resulted into a major negligence towards the information security. These smaller firms also act as outsourcing companies to the large organisations where by the SMEs handle full or part of a project or a task on a contractual basis whereby both the firms are interlinked with each other while SMEs being the weaker platform in terms of security. Large firms fail to understand that a weak connection attracts cyber criminals to attack. (Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D (2000)) Overview of CRAMM Risk Management Methodology One of key objectives of this research is to perform a detailed investigation of a UK Governments Risk Analysis and Management Method called CRAMM. Research has been performed from various online resources based on this method as well as CRAMM practitioners have been consulted to attain a closer and more practical view about the method. This research will later on discuss a perfect scenario where by CRAMM can be implemented and the technical design of CRAMM Risk Analysis System. CRAMM Method Organisations, these days, are reliant on the resources they have and the assets that they built during the span of their business. These assets usually include data that these businesses hold, equipment which is necessary to make use of this data and services that these business offer. These assets are bare necessities of any organisation and hence protecting these assets is vital for a long lasting income. In order to protect the necessary assets of an organisation, various risk analysis, assessment and management methodologies have been practiced and implemented. Risk analysis and assessment involves gathering the information of a potential risk that may occur and assessing the impact of such incident. Risk management involves taking measures to reduce the probability of such risks and identifying procedures to follow if a risk occurs. UK governments security service created a risk assessment and management software called as CRAMM. CRAMM is not just a software tool but a complete management strategy that was developed by UK government national security authorities to implement a secure and risk free working environment in businesses. CRAMM assesses risks based on three parameters; value of assets, potential threats and susceptibility which measures the probability of risks based on weaknesses of procedures and standards. These parameters are considered as different assets which are considered and clearly studied during the initial risk analysis stage of CRAMM. This information is usually gathered with the help of the main leaders of these assets such as Data Managers, Technical Support Staff etc and the review that results from this assessment includes counter measures to either avoid the occurrence of risks or develop steps to follow if a risk occurs to minimise its affects. Following are the stages involved in CRAMM process, also expressed in the form of a diagram. These stages can also be considered as automated steps while dealing with CRAMM software: Initiation Identification and Valuation of Assets Information Impact Valuation IT Software Applications Valuation Threat and Vulnerability Assessment Full Risk Analysis Rapid Risk Analysis Risk Calculation Chapter 3 Risk Management with CRAMM It has been recognised by a number of experts such as Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D in an article called Guide for Selecting Risk Analysis Tools. In 1999, and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective tools, methodologies and frameworks. As expressed in the proposal, this research studies a market leading Risk Management methodology called CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method). The idea of CRAMM came into reality in 1987 by CCTA (Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency) of the United Kingdom government. The main purpose of CRAMM was to provide security to UK government departments information systems and is now one of the market leading risk management frameworks working as a qualitative risk analysis and management tool towards reducing probability of risk occurrences in businesses of almost any nature. (Gilbert, I.E. (1999)) CRAMM is a sophisticated methodology and is currently on its version 5.0 which comprises of a three staged risk management framework: Asset identification and valuation. Threat and vulnerability assessment. Countermeasure selection and recommendation. CRAMM is simply a framework that uses a specific format. This format includes the following key components: Interviews, meetings and surveys to gather data Divides IT assets into sub categories such as: data, software and physical assets Helps you realise the impact of the occurrence of a risk Identifies the likelihood of a threat to occur CRAMMs latest version in market is 3.0 which is a highly user interactive tool specifically for Information Technology sector. This version is ideal for identifying the security requirements of an information management system. CRAMM complies the rules and standards of British Standard policy (BS) 7799:1995 IT Risk Assessment with CRAMM System Initiation CRAMM risk analysis consists of set of human interaction activities such as interviews, questionnaires and meetings. This research initiates by setting objectives, scope and boundary of the review, identification of project scope, stakeholders and the end deliverables. The research is based on reviews which initiate by initial interview sessions with the stakeholders conducted by CRAMM experts. These can be as many interviewees as defined by the intensity of the project which are then documented in the Initial Documentation of CRAMM risk Analysis. Identification and Valuation of Assets As expressed by Mr Khan in an interview, Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002) also expresses the importance of realistic estimates before starting the CRAMM analysis of an IT organisation or department. He states that it is essential to estimate the actual value of organisational resources. Based on the valuation of assets, CRAMM experts then identify the level of security that needs to be audited and implemented. In a typical IT organisation there are various types of assets off which the three assets are as followed: Data Software Applications Physical Assets (Hardware and Network) After clear identification of assets, it is necessary to identify the inter dependencies of assets so to be able to revaluate the level of importance of individual asset. Interrelated assets include Intranet, Email, Extranet and other information collaboration sources. At this stage, the CRAMM risk analysts need to be extra cautious since at the beginning of the project if the asset models are made too critically it will complicate the whole analysis however, any lack of detail may cause unrealistic results (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002)). The analysis process starts with gathering the information sources, storage mediums and channels of communication. In order to get this information in its most appropriate and complete manner, it is essential to identify the actual personnel who are responsible for data/information management in the company. In a generic IT organisation, there are Data Model Managers, Intranet Supervisors and Product Managers who are the key sources of information as well as the real owners of the key business data. It is then required by the CRAMM practitioners to start their reviewing process by initiating several interview sessions with these personnel. Since, these are pure IT individuals and may not have any knowledge of the CRAMM reviews, it is essential for the Analyst to provide introductory lessons prior to commencing their analysis so to avoid capture of unnecessary or lack of information. (Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P (20020)) Information Impact Valuation Once the individuals are determined and taught about CRAMM reviews, the estimation of asset values start. Here the key pointer is to identify and analyse the consequences of loss of information such as breach in a contract and unavailability of information for specific period of time. The data owners help identify the instants where data can be unavailable (web failure, data theft, confidentiality etc). CRAMM experts usually have pre defined sets of guidelines to follow in case of different types of disasters. These guidelines and standards are usually generic which can be personalised with a little analysis and efforts. The initial analysis of information sources, it becomes easier for analysts to manipulate the guidelines and prepare an analysis document specifically based on the individual scenario. These guidelines avoid utilising big numbers. Analysts tend to replace 4 digit numbers with 1. I.e. 4,000 = 4 and 100,000 = 100. This technique avoids the probability of making small numeric errors for assets (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002. IT Software Applications Valuation Another long interview session was arranged with Mr Khan of Cerillion Technologies whereby it was identified that in previous analysis of information, CRAMM analysts interviewed the key stakeholders involved in information management. However, when we consider Software Applications as assets these are not physical yet easy to analyse and study in comparison to information. This is because the impact of unavailability of such applications can be easily measured and tested by either communicating with the Technical Support personnel or practical exercises such as switching off the applications. This measurement then helps identifying the cost that the company could incur should such an incident occurs. Although software applications are considered and measured amongst the other physical assets, the nature of their databases and the actual data inside databases should be measured amongst rest of the information sources. Here comes the concept of three tear architecture of applications. If an application has three tear development architecture, the consequences of any harm to few layers could still allow the organisation to recover quickly with less cost. However, the business could bare a huge impact in case of any harm to the database, depending on the nature of the data. Threat and Vulnerability Assessment The final analysis session that holds the maximum importance is the measurement of the probability of threat occurrences. In order to measure this probability, CRAMM uses a pre defined set of relational tables which allow various combinations of threat groups with the asset groups. CRAMM initiates by dividing assets into groups which are then put against the set of threat groups. The automated decision support capability of CRAMM then allows the risk analysts to be able to determine the interrelations between assets and their probable risks. The type of threat groups to include is usually pre-defined by the customer organisation before the analysis starts. This is because business of different nature is susceptible to different nature of threats depending on their assets and business processes. In relations to the vulnerability aspect of risk analysis, CRAMM lacks detailed technical analysis in terms of systems applications analysis and design information. It is rather inclined towards the top executives and risks mentioned by them hence an analysis that requires deep down research into applications would not be suitable via CRAMM. (Information gathered during an interview with Mr Khan: Cerillion Technologies Ltd, London 21/11/2009) Once the critical analysis is over, key information has been gathered and key information resources have been identified, CRAMM allows two ways of risk analysis: Full Risk Analysis Full risk assessment and analysis is mostly recommended where by analysts gather key detailed information from the Support or Network personnel. These sessions are conducted with the help of face to face interviews and questionnaires. The information gathered from this review is then entered into CRAMM in order for it to decide the Risk groups based on it decision making functionality. CRAMM then calculates the probability of possible threats based on five levels: Very High, High, Medium, Low, Very Low. Vulnerability on the other hand is defined on a three point scale: Low, Medium and High. These levels define the probability of risk and vulnerability. Rapid Risk Analysis Rapid risk analysis includes quick analysis of possible risks, threats and vulnerabilities. These are then defined using three pointer valuations I.e. Very Low, Medium and High. Without much of an information analysis, the three levels are pre defined in the system as Very Low being the one where by probability is once in 10 years, Medium is 30% 50% probability of occurring a considerable risk and High means higher probability of risk occurrence. This information is gathered using qualitative way of data gathering such as brief questionnaires. Risk Calculation After the analysis and measurement of the probability of each threat against an asset, CRAMM is capable to calculate the level of risk against each Asset Group. The level of risk is depicted using a 1 to 7 (where by 1 = Very Low and 7 = Very High) scale matrix. The matrix compares each Asset, based on its value, to its relevant probable vulnerability and threat. System then generates executive level reports and graphs for a better and debatable understanding. (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002)). CRAMMs Application Through direct hands on experience on CRAMM based tool it was identified that CRAMM, as a methodology, is flexible enough to be incorporated in any nature of the information system lifecycle from planning through to live operation. CRAMM application can be used at any point in the information system of the life cycle to identify the security and / or eventuality needs for an information system or network. This may include: Strategy planning, to determine the relative costs and implications of the implementation, the organisation may make used of high level risk analysis to identify broad security or contingency. At feasibility study stage, when looking at probable solutions to identify the broad security or contingency requirements and the costs involved at various options, high risk analysis may be required. During analysis stage, of the detailed business and technical environments, where the chosen option needs to be looked into further and polished, high risk analysis may be required. Before putting the software on live environment, it is essential to perform realistic analysis of procedural, personnel and security pre-requisites to ensure standards are in place. for the duration of live running high risk analysis may be required, where concerns about security or contingency issues may arise, E.g. In reaction to a new or increased threat or due to a security breach. In order to ensure all security and audit standards exist as per required, another set of detailed analytical activities is essential vital to the successful implementation of CRAMM. CRAMM Case Study A Czech corporation he decision to implement and operate an Information Security Management System using CRAMM. The risk analysis carried out with CRAMM, was an essential part of the project and concluded with system certification in fulfilment with ISO/IEC 27001 (BS 7799). With the superiority of CRAMM being confirmed via numerous successful certification and spectrum of happy clients, it is now the most commonly used methodology in Europe for risk analysis and management. Deeming it unnecessary to invest in the methodology and other supporting tools security department specialists, as a result turned to a leading consultancy firm for support. All the company specialists alongside the members of the consultancy firm worked collectively on the chosen Partnership Approach. This means of work, effectively utilized all resources and guaranteed the movement of knowledge to internal experts. RISK ANALYSIS IS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF PREPARATION FOR ISMS CERTIFICATION Project Initiation The project team compromised of 4 people, two internal specialists and two consultants, one of which led the project. The methodology chosen was PRINCE2, to be used for project management and all related activities essential for accurate initiation. The Project Initiation Document is the first project output and summarizes everything activity, from the project goal to detailed descriptions of activities, alongside a breakdown of all the resources used throughout the project. All the information on the subject of the systems and current documentations was gathered at the beginning. Detailed Risk Analysis Risk analysis was divided into two parts: Identifying and Modelling Assets Risk Evaluation For any organisation assets associated to information processing are extremely valuable to them with the most important being Data Assets whose recognition tends to be particularly hard. Processed by the company were vast amounts of data regarding their production, clientele, suppliers, and personnel, alongside strategic management information. Overall a total of 10 groups and 54 subgroups were identified. Respondents that were chosen beforehand were interviewed using the data evaluation process. These respondents, who were all users of the data or subgroups were able to inform probable breaches that could cause damage to the companys status, or outcome in financial loss and additional damage. All worst case scenarios of instances where data is unavailable and its disclosure and amendment were looked into. Project Initiation Document Project goals Approach used to conduct the project and methodologies applied Project team and roles Project stages, resources, outputs and responsibilities Timeline Quality assurance plan, project risks Introduction As previously expressed, the main purpose of this research is to gather realistic and practical information about Risk Management from Risk Assessors and project managers and to learn about their daily life at work and the activities they carry out which allow them to be able to manage risk management with in small and large organisations. Hence, this research is mainly based on both primary and secondary data collection however more reliance can be seen on the primary information gathered through interviews and questionnaire. Major preference has been given to data gathered through several interview sessions with an Information Systems Analyst working within the Information Technology industry for over 6 years. This individual has been vigorously involved in risk management and analysis. This is to identify the real nature of tasks that risks managers perform within their working span. Other than interviews a questionnaire has been designed and distributed amongst Information Technology professionals, Risk Assessors and Strategic Management staff for them to be able to express their views by answering a set of both open and closed ended questions. A big part of information has also been gathered from various articles and academic journals present on the internet. While gathering this secondary data, every effort has been made to maintain the basic focus of this research and analyse the similarities between secondary data and information gathered through interview sessions with a professional working and applying basic risk management concepts with in large and small organisations. Since a major objective of this research is to study and understand the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This objective has been achieved by various interview sessions with Mr. Khan of Cerillion Technologies Ltd. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Research Framework Research framework consists of series of interviews and a questionnaire to gather qualitative and quantitative data. There have been almost 6 interview sessions whereby each lasted for 1:00 to 2:00 hours. These sessions included both questions and training sessions on CRAMM based risk management tools whereby the interview has helped understand the key basics of Risk Management process and its stages as well as computerized tools used by Strategy makers, risk assessors or project managers in small and large organisations to perform their functions efficiently. For better understanding, the questionnaire has been written in English and is divided into three parts to capture data for the key three objectives of this research. This framework also includes information gathered by studying through various journals and articles online written by highly experienced and qualified individuals within the Risk management market. Sampling The target interviewees are mainly Risk Managers and Strategy makers who are working within the information systems development environments. Data Collection Tool The main data collection tool is a questionnaire designed in order for Risk Assessors or Project Managers to be able to think about the processes and techniques they use to perform their jobs and deliver projects with in time and budget. Questionnaire consists of both open and closed ended questions designed for ease of use by the target audience. The questionnaire will try to analyze the target interviewees and their views on the focus area which will help in the development of the final end product which is a working model of what has been learnt about project managers through this research. Data Analysis This research provided a close study on risk management as a process and identify the nature of task and stages involved which lead to an efficient strategy. Key data analysis has been focused towards meeting the main three objectives of this research which are to understand how small and large organisations are currently safe guarding their business against risks, what is CRAMM and how does CRAMM strategy incorporated with Information Technology becomes useful for businesses and the third objective of identifying the technical design of a CRAMM based risk management system. Academic research/Secondary Research A vast number of academic journals, articles and research papers have been studied to establish a bridge between the point of view gathered while interviewing Mr Khan of Cerillion Technologies Ltd and what has been expressed by various different researchers online. It has been noticed that these articles follow a specific conceptual approach towards the whole process of project management. Researchers tend of idealize the process of managing an IT project as a sequential process made of strict set of similar stages for projects of almost every nature. It was, however, identified that Project Management is completely different for Information System Development projects. SAS for Risk Management The leading provider in new generation of business intelligence software and services that creates true enterprise intelligence. Creating intelligence using huge amounts of data, SAS is the only vendor that completely integrates data, analytics, and business intelligence tools. Used at over 38,000 sites including 99 of Fortune 100 businesses, SAS solutions allow organizations to benefit through the development of profitable relations with their clientele and suppliers, helping them stay on top. The SAS Solution SAS provides a firm-wide solution which consists of processes for managing risk, discovering unique opportunities and communicating those opportunities to management, shareholders and outside analysts. SAS Risk Dimensions makes it possible for institutions to manage data throughout the organization, enabling the analysis of complex situations and production of regulatory reports. It provides a single, comprehensive environment for data management that lets you: Gain access market data from anywhere in the world (irrelevant of geographic location, legacy system or origin). Qualify, clean and organize that data within a powerful environment that includes business rules, intelligent process and validation. Identify and evaluate multiple dimensions of risk, as well as your companys overall risk. In order to figure out risk measures SAS provides risk analysis that enables data to be analyzed and explored (firm-wide, by location, by region, by division, by portfolio, by business unit, by line of business, etc.), resulting in almost limitless perspectives and innovative insights with regards to the allocation of capital in relation to risk and returns. SAS enables decision makers to act speedily in response to changing market conditions, rapidly identify new strategic directions and uncover sources of prospective problems before they occur via risk reporting. Risk reporting transforms the immense amounts of data generated by your company into more manageable information that can be easily understood. Critical Analysis Risk management is imperative for IT. Moreover, many development projects do not make the grade to meet is expected of them and next to all online systems face an increasing array of threats. Additional attention needs to be given to these risks by IT professionals. CIPS (Canadian Information Processing Society) has taken the innovation and officially recognized the importance of conducting risk assessment at the beginning of assignments by all means and progressing with risk management throughout assignments. The majority of us have a basic appreciation for what is involved in risk management. All commencing activities face several threats, every one of which can lead to unintended results. Everything involves risk to a certain degree. Risk which is left unmanaged can move in and leave you with probable outcomes that are definitely unwanted. To lessen the negative impacts of unplanned events and in turn boost their positive impact, managing risk should be a significant part of risk management. Despite, that being a reasonable high level description, it is not always easy to imagine how that should be translated into practice. Available are a large number of risk management best practice guides, and quite a lot of specialized IT risk management best practice guides. A reasonable practice guide developed by a committee many of whom came from the world of finance Canada has its own Risk Management Guideline for Decision-Makers (CAN/CSA-Q850-7). In existence are specialized IT risk management best practice guides and standards. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers has a Software Life Cycle Risk Management Standard (1549-2001) and the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie-Mellon University has published best practice risk management guides for IT development, acquisition, and operations. The difficulty in hand is to decide which guide to follow and how it fits with everything else that needs to be done. The ten risk activities are: Establish risk management alignment Identify with relevant strategic business outcomes Be aware of relevant business process objectives Identify internal IT objectives and determine risk context Identity events associated with objectives (business and IT oriented) Sustain and monitor a risk action plan My informal translation of ERM identifies five risk management maturity levels: Initial Risk management gets completed, but it takes a hero to make it come about. Repeatable Risk management is done, but predominantly for the important stuff Defined There are enforced and employed risk management standards Measured There are risk management measures covering everything important Optimized Risk management is automatically being refined and enhanced My sense is that many British organizations have moved to the Initial level, but not all that far beyond level one. Risk is no longer regarded as a four letter word. Furthermore, risk management is now acknowledged as a good thing, although the level of commitment is not high. Heroes are required. IT professionals have to rise to the challenge. Aid your organization progress up the IT risk management maturity scale. Not only, is it the professional action to take but, it will also be good for your career and for your organizations future. Chapter 7 Conclusion Organizations are involuntarily reacting to pressure from competition are now customising their use of capital. To remain on top and competitive, companies have got to start looking at enterprise risk and measure performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Management must persistently analyse and reanalyse the risk of unpredicted losses versus capital. Businesses who know the difference between superior returns and moderate volatility generally achieve with superior valuations from financial markets. Adapting this belief and incorporate this in your business strategy is the key to executing a risk-based strategic initiative. Technology Three major pieces are required by the technology to successfully implement an ERM platform. The first piece is the capacity to without difficulty obtain data from unrelated systems, transform the data and load it into same format. The second piece is a flexible risk engine capable of producing the metrics necessary. Last of all, the third piece is the capacity for an ERM platform to effectively communicate metrics all through the business. Communication technologies include portals, scorecards, dashboards, Web-based reporting and traditional report creation tools. It is essential that all three components come together to create an integrated framework on which clients can put together an ERM solution. In addition, the framework must scale with the demands of the organization. Why Institutions Need Effective Enterprise Risk Management ÂÂ · Company Drivers One of the prime objectives of a comprehensive risk management solution is to reduce by and large the volatility of earnings at the same time as maintaining an adequate rate of return. To be successful internally, this concept mean that management must understand that behaviour must be rewarded based on risk adjusted return. Performance based solely on returns or risk diminishes the overall objective of decreasing earnings volatility and increasing shareholder value. Management must work to identify a risk-adjusted rate of return to measure business. These measures tend to reward behaviour that maximizes return while providing an incentive to examine and adjust the risk taken by the corporation. External corporations on the other hand must constantly battle for attention from analysts and investors. Firms which tend to be rewarded with higher valuation are those that are able to demonstrate lower earnings volatility than their competitors. Similarly, firms which may observe a lower cost of debt over their competitors are those that are able to demonstrate superior control to creditors. ÂÂ · Regulatory Forces On several occasions, many companies are forced to re-examine their risk control process due to changes in regulatory requirements. FAS133, FR932.5, the new Basel Capital Accord and a host of other regulations oblige companies to make use of risk management tools for regulatory reporting and compliance purposes. Those companies that fail to acceptably meet regulatory compliance risk facing adverse market reactions or face stiff fines. To comply with these new regulations, for the first time, many firms have begun to create risk methodologies. An effective ERM platform would help clients meet or exceed these new requirements. Communicate Risk Measures throughout the Organization A successful risk management initiative requires end-to-end communication of companys goals and objectives. This task is carried out amongst the RMS provider and the higher level directors who are the actual strategy makers. It is very common for firms to re-visit at the end of the year a mission statement or goals published at the beginning of the year. The initial definition of the global strategy and mission statement that is used to guide the direction of the firm is decided by the Executive management. The control committee or Chief Risk Officer then go on to shape this predetermined direction further by determining measurable objectives for the fiscal planning period(s). Strategic Analysis Once company goals and objectives have been communicated, the users need to be able to modify corporate strategy in case they need to avoid a negative situation. Before any form of unified strategy can be made, it is vital that the key indicators that add to the overall strategic objectives are identified. There are available numerous analysis techniques which can aid in determining the cause of abnormal conditions or furthermore provide insight into possible opportunities to improve revenue. Most of these Strategic Analysis techniques are common when we talk about enterprise risk management however there utilisation is rarely seen. These strategies are used to identify the what-if analysis for both small and large businesses. Some of these include: Conditional Risk Indicator analysis. Simulations of scenarios. Sensitivity analysis of risk indicators. Risk Indicators Ranking. Multiple period simulations. Shock Analysis. The above techniques are mostly designed to allow business to first create the what-if scenarios and then play around with them. However, if used correctly, CRAMM, in a small or large organisation, can provide you with a number of benefits, the most important of which the CRAMM user manual identifies as being the ability to provide a method by which expenditure on security and contingency can be justified. This statement reflects the movement of UK Government away from a risk avoidance strategy towards a risk management strategy. In other words you should be aiming at containing the risk and reducing it to an acceptable level, rather than attempting to eliminate it at any cost. Another benefit is that CRAMM will assist you to assess requirements and options for contingency planning. Chapter 8 References / bibliography Brewer, Dr. David. Risk, Security and Trust in the Open World of ECommerce. May 1999. URL: https://www.itsecurity.com/papers/p35.htm. Brewer, Dr. David. Risk Assessment Models and Evolving Approaches. IAAC workshop, London. July 2000. URL: https://www.gammassl.co.uk/topics/IAAC.htm . [CAI01] CAIDA Analysis of Code-Red. 15 August 2001. URL: https://www.caida.org/analysis/security/code-red/ Overview of Attack Trends. 19 February 2002. URL: https://www.isalliance.org/resources/papers/attack_trends.pdf . Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil, S. Risk Analysis for Electronic Commerce Using Case-Based Reasoning. 1999. URL: https://afis.kaist.ac.kr/download/inter_jnl012.pdf. Chisnall, W. R. Applying Risk Analysis Methods to University Systems. EUNIS 97, European Cooperation in Higher Education Information Systems, Grenoble, France. 9-11 September 1997. URL: https://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/eunis/html3/congres/EUNIS97/papers/022701.html . Computer Economics Security Review 2002. URL: https://www.computereconomics.com/cei/news/secure02.html . Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D. An Open Framework for Risk Management. 21st National Information Systems Security Conference Proceedings. October 1998. URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/nissc/1998/proceedings/paperE6.pdf . Financial losses due to Internet intrusions, trade secret theft and other cyber crimes soar. March 2001. URL: https://www.gocsi.com/prelea/000321.html CERT/CC Statistics 1988-2001. URL: https://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html. About CRAMM. URL: https://www.crammusergroup.org.uk/cramm.htm. CRAMM User Guide, Issue 2.0. Walton-on-Thames: Insight Consulting, January 2001. New Private-Sector Internet Security Alliance Launched. 23 April 2001. URL: https://usinfo.state.gov/topical/global/ecom/01042303.htm. A Practitioners View of CRAMM. September 1997. URL: https://www.gammassl.co.uk/topics/hot5.html. Gilbert, I.E. Guide for Selecting Risk Analysis Tools. NIST Special Publication 500-174. October 1989. URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/500-174/sp174.txt. Krause, M., Tipton, H.F., Section 3-1: Risk Analysis. Handbook of Information Security Management. December 1999. URL: https://secinf.net/info/misc/handbook/242-244.html. Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P, Risk Analysis Generations The Evolution of Risk analysis. August 1999. URL: https://csweb.rau.ac.za/deth/research/articles/ra_generations.pdf. Description of Automated Risk Management Packages that NIST/NCSC Risk Management Research Laboratory have examined. March 1991. URL: https://www.eff.org/Privacy/Newin/New_nist/risktool.txt. Ozier, W. A Framework for an Automated Risk Assessment Tool. 15 August 1999. URL: https://www.theiia.org/itaudit/index.cfm?fuseaction=forumfid=228. Hinton, C. CRAMM. December 2001. URL: https://www.scmagazine.com/scmagazine/sc-online/2001/review/059/product.html. Venter, H.S., Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P. Real-time Risk Analysis on the Internet. March 1999. URL: b.rau.ac.za/ifip/workgroup/docs1999/11_sec1999.doc.

William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 924 Words

Dramatic literature is told through a story of dialogue about a character that experiences conflict throughout the play. These kinds of plays are often performed on the stage. One of the most famous playwrights of the 16th through the early 17th century was William Shakespeare, and his work continues to live on in the 21st century. The longest play Shakespeare had ever written was Hamlet, which is about a young prince who grieves over the death of his father and seeks revenge as he learns that it was King Claudius responsible for his father’s death. Throughout the play Hamlet expresses his thoughts through different soliloquys. Hamlets soliloquy in Act I, â€Å"O that this too, too sullied flesh†, contrasts from his famous soliloquy in Act III, â€Å"To Be or Not to Be†, and both reflect issues of the times in which Shakespeare had lived in. In Hamlet’s first soliloquy, â€Å"O that this too, too sullied flesh†, he expresses how he still grieves over the death of his father, and does not understand why the people of Denmark no longer grieve over King Hamlet after only barely 2 months, especially his mother, Queen Gertrude. Before his speech, King Claudius warns Hamlet of going against the teachings of God, and that his stubbornness â€Å"shows a will most incorrect to heaven† (Act I, Line 95), which means that his will not lead him to the afterlife of heaven. Hamlet then hints briefly that he wants to kill himself, but holds himself back because suicide is forbidden by God. 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The character Hamlet makes majority of his decision in the heat of the moment, but had trouble deciding which action to take after intense consideration. The actions that Hamlet doesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead Mor eWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1265 Words   |  6 PagesWe have all been guilty at some point in our lives of trying to act like a conflict we ve had has not existed or been a problem at all. 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Essay on The Importance of Communication in Marriage

Throughout the last half of the century, our society has watched the divorce rate of married couples skyrocket to numbers previously not seen. Although their has been a slight decline in divorce rates, â€Å"half of first marriages still were expected to dissolve before death.† (Stacy, 15, 1991) Whatever happened to that meaningful exchange of words, â€Å"until death do us part,† uttered by the bride and groom to each other on their wedding day? What could have been the cause of such inflated divorce rates? Perhaps young married couples are not mature enough to be engaged in such a trremendous responsibility, or, maybe, the couples really do not know each other as well as they thought. Possibly, they have been blinded by infatuation rather than by†¦show more content†¦First, the expectations of a relationship and how these expectations are met play a large part in the dyad’s assesment of how well the marriage is going. Also, the decision-making process, another important procedure that should engage both parties of a marriage, is of increasing importance in these post modern, feminist times. As with any marriage, problems will obviously occur, and the manner in which these problems are handled will most often affect the happiness of the couple. Another major issue of dicussion is the amount of time a couple spends with each other, as well as the quality of the interaction, and lastly, the issue of similarity will be addressed. In order for a marriage to succeed, the communication patterns of the couple must be similar and compatible if there is to be any agreement between the spouses. Marital satisfaction and the contributing factords are of extreme importance at this juncture in our society, though it has become obvious that there is a degeneration of communication and a lack of satisfaction in today’s married couples. This disatisfaction results in the divorce rate being sohigh that it begs the question: how does this mar ital satisfaction originate? This topic deserves a lot of attention so that the reasons for this degeneration can be avoided. The topic of marital satisfaction must be studied from aShow MoreRelatedTroubled Marriages: The Importance Of Communication. Both1366 Words   |  6 PagesTroubled Marriages: The Importance of Communication Both Interpreter of Maladies and White Teeth leave the reader aware of the effects that troubled marriages have on the adults involved, along with the children involved. The marital problems faced by Samad in White Teeth, and by Miranda in Sexy, cause the reader to realize the importance of communication and honesty between couples. 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Relationships are never stable, but communication has the ability heal every wound. Majority of Jhumpa Lahiri’s work is based on the importance of communication and relationships. Her stories are influenced by relationship problems, and the upsRead MoreEffective Communication: The Foundation of Any Successful Relationship789 Words   |  3 PagesEffective communication is at the foundation of any successful relationship. Without communication based in respect, understanding, and love, relationships often disintegrate. Ober (18) described how there are four Cs and and A concepts that are associated with successful marriage, which include commitment, communication, compassion, connection, and acceptance. In order to improve relationships and prevent conflict or eventual partnership dissolution, individuals involved can seek out help and guidan ce

Black Virgin Mountain Free Essays

â€Å"Black Virgin Mountain: A Return to Vietnam† by Larry Heinemann is called â€Å"indicative of the emotional black hole those who have been in war often carry within them†. It is seen throughout the whole book that the author hates war and doesn’t romanticize his services when being a young soldier who has been sent to Vietnam in 1967-1968. Author’s intentions are noble as he wants to shed light on the realities of the war, though very often he writes a piece of traveling providing historical backgrounds to cultural places which bear no relation to the narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Virgin Mountain or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is necessary to underline that the book illustrates emotional maiming coming from the war. (Heinemann 2005) The author starts with describing noise and energy of the combat and it is the strongest position of Heinemann, because he manages to reflect the power of weapons being hold in the arms and the violence created by the war. Heinemann attacks the lies sold to those people who returned home. Nevertheless, the author loses his balance when remembering his being an agent of death. Author writing here is too flabby and filled with cliches. Furthermore Heinemann provides long unnecessary descriptions of the visit to Hanoi, because the author thinks it lacks historical background. (Heinemann 2005) Actually Heinemann demonstrates in his book great courage in facing death and describes the horrifying realities of war. It is seen that the author uncovers his own dislocation and pains. However, he does realize the position of violence, because war takes a heavy tool in lives of thousand soldiers. The main hero (the author) suffered not only from trauma, but also because of his two brothers, because one of them has committed suicide, whereas other has been missing for many years. The author ends the book on the scared mountain called Black Virgin Mountain. The author is able to view from its heights the place of the battles and he tries to find the answer to the horrors created by war. (Heinemann 2005) Works Cited Heinemann, Larry. Black Virgin Mountain: A Return to Vietnam. New York: Doubleday, 2005. How to cite Black Virgin Mountain, Papers

To Spank, or Not to Spank Free Essays

To Spank, Or Not To Spank COM/156 October 30, 2011 Parents have different ways of punishing their child. Anything from grounding them from things, making them do extra chores, time outs and spanking them. The most effective of these, is spanking. We will write a custom essay sample on To Spank, or Not to Spank or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a research project by Marjorie Gunnoe, â€Å"children who were spanked between the ages of 2 and 6 grew up to be happier and well-adjusted as teenagers. † Spanking a child is not abuse. It is a means of punishment. You should only use your hand to spank your child. Showing your child they have done wrong, by spanking, will teach them to not do what it is that they did, again. You should never use a belt, shoe, switch, or any other foreign object. Those would be considered weapons, and that would be child abuse. Spanking is not a hateful means of punishment. It shows the child they have done wrong and need to be punished. It is an effective means of punishment. Children learn not to do the same wrong again. A child will grow up â€Å"happier and well-adjusted† by spanking them. The controversy of spanking is worldwide. Opinions differ on pro-corporal punishment and anti-corporal punishment. People who are against corporal punishment believe that spanking is child abuse. They say there are better ways of punishing a child. People who are for corporal punishment believe that spanking is a good form of punishment, yet they also know there are different ways of punishing a child. Parents who spank their children find it is more effective as a punishment. A research done by Marjorie Gunnoe, psychology professor at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, states that â€Å"spanking is more effective on children ages 2 to 6 years old. It has also been said you should not spank a child under 18 months old or a child over the age of 10. Spanking a child over the age of 10 can have a negative effect and make a child more aggressive growing up. The American College of Pediatricians, or ACP, reviewed the research on corporal punishment and concluded that spanking, as discipline, can be effective on children when it is used properly, but should not be solely relied on to keep your children in line. Spanking your child out of anger, or with anything other than your hand, leaving welts and/or bruises, is considered to be child abuse. Spanking should not be impulsive, spank only with your hand once or twice, and the child should be forewarned of the spanking and reason for the spanking in order for it to be successful. The saying, â€Å"Spare the rod, spoil the child† comes from a biblical proverb (Proverbs 13:24) â€Å"He who withholds the rod hates his son, but he who loves him disciplines him diligently. † What this means is, if you don’t punish a child when they do wrong, you will spoil them. This goes way back. You want to punish your child for their wrong, and make sure it is effective enough to get the point across. If you don’t effectively punish your child, they will think it is okay to keep doing the wrong. Kosciusko County (Indiana) Department of Child Services sees hundreds of cases per year involving child abuse and/or neglect. Of those cases, there is physical abuse such as punching, hitting, kicking, and biting. Yet there are only a â€Å"handful† of cases involving an out of control parent spanking their child. Tiffany Malone, a caseworker for the DCS, has seen many cases of abuse and neglect. She stated, â€Å"You can spank your child as long as you do not leave any marks, and you do not spank them with anything except an open hand on the buttocks. It has also been said you can spank your child’s feet. been charged with Battery on a minor for leaving excessive marks on their child. In the Indiana Supreme Court case Willis vs. State, Sophia Willis is raising an unruly child and spanked him several times with a belt or extension cord, which lead to marks on the chil d’s arm (from missing the buttocks. ) She ended up receiving 365 days in jail, and had to do 357 of those suspended to probation. The judge stated, â€Å"This is a tough area of the law. Because you know that a person’s intent was not to do a wrong thing. It has also been said, â€Å"The law is well settled that a parent has a right to administer proper and reasonable chastisement to his child without being guilty of an assault and battery. † By knowing our boundaries and limitations, we can successfully correct our children in a positive way. By spanking them. The mixed reaction by so many is just misunderstanding. No one has to spank a child. When nothing else works, spanking is a last ditch effort. It may be a controversial form of punishment, but it does work. Older children that look back on their younger years are happy they were spanked. They grew up happier, did well in school, and did well as they grew up. There are different laws in different states. Some condone corporal punishment, some do not. Some countries have banned corporal punishment all together. As long as there is no anger or foreign objects involved in spanking a child, it is not considered child abuse. Some psychologists, DCS workers, parents, and courts condone spanking. There are court cases stating it is a parent’s right to decide whether or not a spanking should be administered. It is also the parent’s responsibility to react, without vengeance, appropriately while administering a spanking to a child. A parent should not be found guilty of punishing their child no matter. Unless there is a sinister demeanor involved, a parent is completely capable of punishing their own child without chastisement from others. Children are our future and we want nothing but the best for them. By spanking our children, we are teaching them right from wrong and making their future that much brighter and worth looking for. Citations/References http://www. lifesitenews. om/news/archive/ldn/2010/jan/10010507 http://www. mlive. com/news/grand-rapids/index. http://www. cerm. info/bible_studies/Topical/spanking. htmssf/2010/01/is_spanking_children_ok_calvin. html http://www. tldm. org/News11/AmericanCollegeOfPediatriciansSpanking. htm Tiffany Malone- Kosciusko County Child Protective Services, Warsaw, Indiana http://www. in. gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/08290801mgr. pdf http://w ww. in. gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/06100801rdr. pdf http://www. in. gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/05311101msm. pdf http://www. in. gov/legislative/ic/code/title35/ar41/ch3. html How to cite To Spank, or Not to Spank, Papers

Report on Innovation and Business Development

Questions: To successfully complete the business case document is required to undertake the following activities: 1. Identify for whom and/or for which organisation you will be writing the business case document. (For instance, you might be pitching to an investor or the management of a firm, such as the management team at a group member's current employer.) 2. Identify an innovation that your group believes could be reasonably discussed as the subject of the business case. The innovation you choose should have the potential to be developed sustainably over a commercially viable period of time. (It can be an innovation your team came up with yourselves or something you learned about by reading or watching TV, etc.) 3. Consider and evaluate the possible business models that could be used torealise the opportunities inherent in the innovation. Answers: Introduction Lend Lease Corporation Limited is an internationally acclaimed multinational company in the fields of infrastructure and property having its headquarter in Sydney, Australia. 1958 witnessed the starting of a new public properties organization that was named Lend Lease led by Dick Dusseldorp. The plan behind setting up Lend Lease was supposed to supply provident reserve of money for the civic business as well as the public. In the year 1961 Lend Lease got hold of public and civil and thus their journey started in the property and infrastructure market. During the end of the 20th century Lend Lease also began a fresh products beneath their title the solar panel being one of the many. Lend Lease not only kept on obtaining the government deals they even started working in the sector of health. But the organization got struck with the massive blow when it was forbidden from obtaining government contracts. But the truth is that still Lend Lease is judged one of the best important and by fa r the prominent group in the Australia till today which can never be neglected. Lend Leases main importance was to always target on the zones in the center and areas where the growth is continuous, and contains many of opportunities to grow. The organizations plan to work in every the continents had given the bonuses it anticipated. Lend Lease every time remembered that the state they are selecting must be right for their procedure of working and also give a push in the expansion of the company as well. The business areas which Lend Lease mostly functions are residential, trade, commercial, retirement, and also the industrial aspects. The organization always strikes out five-year planning to ensure and cogitate the present state of the company at that area and the strategies which they must have to extend its expansion. They mostly strikes out their plan after getting a thorough look at all the favorable conditions and harms which the market might present them. New Innovation at Barangaroo South In December of the year 2009 as representatives of New South Wales Government, Barangaroo Delivery Authority selected Lend Lease as the builder for Barangaroo South. Barangaroo South, a major waterfront development, aims at becoming the world-class sustainable neighborhood built on Sydney Harbor serving various sectors of human life such as commercial, residential, shopping, dining, and hospitality features(Ettlie and Ettlie, 2006). After the 2000 Olympics this is the citys largest urban proselytization project and it extends Sydneys Central Business District to its western harbor. Barangaroo South will be a participant in the Climate Positive Development Program C40. C40 sets out a framework that helps guide the journey of the project to achieve a total-carbon negative outcome in energy, waste reduction strategy and transportation strategy, encouraging developers in creating a revolutionary new model of purposeful sustainable development. As a member project in C40s Climate Positive Development Program, Barangaroo South pursue to plan for, measure and verify this positive environmental impact. When such parameters will be achieved, Barangaroo South will be the one and only carbon free developments of its magnitude in Australia(You, 2015). Strategies for Achieving Climate Positive Lend Lease has frame worked a sustainability strategy for Barangaroo South that targets to lower down energy and ejection through a multifaceted way to how the development will be done and climate positive outcome be achieved(Gagnon, 2016). This plan emphasizes on three areas: Respecting the resources Sustainable lifestyles Getting ready for the future. Strategies to be done to get the desired result after the completion of the project by 2020 are as follows: Carbon Reduction Strategy On reducing carbon the focus of the roadmap will be on the following three strategies: Avoid Through improved building designing, dynamic infrastructure, and starting education and observable initiatives(Min, 2015). Reduce Implementing low carbon on and both of the site and using energy sources which are renewable. Onsite generation of energy that is renewable(FuelCell Energy wins DOE funding to demo onsite regeneration, 2014). Research various options for co-generating as well as to tri-generate energy generation that is low carbon on-site. Mitigate To cover emissions on-site, investment or providing conditions for carbon offsets will be done which will also help for residual emissions such as from daily commuters. Carbon emissions belonging to staff commuting will be reducedby purchasing of carbon offsets through the neighborhood carbon community fund (Rosenthal and Watson, 2011). Installation of solar panel on-site of the massive 6,000 sq. m to counterpoise all energy needed for all of Barangaroos public spaces and the recycled water plant in the vicinity. Building Energy Reduction Strategy Energy reduction strategy of Barangaroo aims to lower the use of energy of buildings within the advancement, as 40% of total global greenhouse gas emissions are adjunct to buildings (INL High Performance Building Strategy, 2010). The following planning shall be incorporated into designing of buildings and operations: Vertical shading system To provide remarkable shading and reducing cooling methods through energy intensive methods this system situated on top of all the commercial fortresses pursue the suns path to lower solar gain. Central Chilled Water Plant The nearest harbor water will be cooled by this plant and it will be the largest of its kind in Australia(Yan, Qingchang and Ke, 2013). Achieving Green Star Standards The highest rated high-rise office buildings (6 stars) beneath the Green Star rating tool of the Australian Green Building Council will have their homes in Barangaroo. Along with it multi-unit buildings for residential purposes will target a rating of 5 star, within the highest as per the National Green Star standards (Bearg, 2009). Waste Reduction Strategy A combination of minimization of waste, segregation of source, resource recovery and waste treatment advancement technologies for achieving zero from reduction of untreated waste moving to landfills will be utilized in Barangaroo South. Minimization of waste Through education and programs for awareness and systems for information and maintaining sustainable consumption and minimization of waste can be achieved (Cheremisinoff, Rosenfeld and Davletshin, 2008). Source segregation Through methods like on-site facilities and maximizing resource recovery procedure segregation will be increased and improved. Technologies To achieve a net zero outcome of waste, analytical advanced recovery resource treatment options that must be delivered to various parts of the city (Cheremisinoff, Rosenfeld and Davletshin, 2008). Transportation Strategy The transportation strategy for Barangaroo Souths transportation strategy aims to total reduction of trips related to work to the site by car to approximately 4% by the end of 2018 to support hand in hand to achieve the net-carbon zero emissions initiative in association with travel to and from work. Nearly 25,000 workers, 1,300 residents, and 30,000 daily visitors will be inspired for using the green travel options through direct links to already existing bus networks and trains, along with the ferry as proposed and bus routes that are new, cycle ways, and bike facilities(Michelberger and Ndai, 2010). The persuasion of these goals through collaborations between Lend Lease and the Barangaroo Delivery Authority and other government agencies to achieve some of the following: Pedestrians To support major pedestrian access a devoted tunnel link and routes on surface will be done Rail With already existing rail services at Wynyard and the proposed Western Express City Relief Line. Integration will be done. Rail and Buses New services to Barangaroo South along with supporting infrastructure. Cycling Encouraging cycling in and to the site will be done by laying new bike paths and centralized facilities (Michelberger and Ndai, 2010). Ferries Into the geological formation of the development new ferry terminals will be integrated. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is a very valuable process to determine the Strengths and Weaknesses of an organization, and for recognizing both the Opportunities the company has and the Threats it might counter (Fine, 2009). Strengths 1. Experience of more than 50 years. 2. Due to international tie-ups and various international penetration through various high end projects the organization has a strong global presence. 3. Portfolio of theassets are very well diversified. 4. Through acquisitions growth in both the public and private sector is still continuous, especially in Australia. 5. High financial stability and strong brand name and its presence almost throughout the world. 6. With the innovative ideas of Climate Positive Development Program C40 first in Australia at Barangaroo South they will achieve a mile stone in their working period (Fine, 2009). Weaknesses 1. Vulnerable too many neighborhood contenders which is an area of concern. 2. Asset values fluctuations and uncertainty are very high. 3. The controversies especially the AP-X Expansion controversy. Opportunities 1. The developing companies have a high retail growth which will serve as an opportunity for the organization. 2. The idea of growing green building construction has a high opportunity factor for the company. 3. Getting selected by the South Wales Government, Barangaroo Delivery Authority to develop the Barangaroo South is a very well opportunity to express the vastness and the next to perfect infrastructure of the organization as well as of the world(Fine, 2009). Threats 1. The down falling market in UK is an earliest attentive matter for the company as a larger share of the group's business area is settled in that area(Fine, 2009). 2. With the rise in the prices of houses faster than the income of people do poses the greatest risk to the countrys biggest-ever housing boom and the organizations business aspects. 3. There is a shortage of experienced work in the rising nations. 4. The varying monetary speed gives a tough time to the association. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis, which is also referred asPEST analysis,is a marketing principles idea. Furthermore, the analysis is expended as a device by companies to mark the nature theyre working in or are going to operate or thinking to launching a fresh assignment or commodity or assistance etc(Pestle, Crowley and Weirauch, 2014). Political 1. The changes in the legislation and other political factors would provide the company with many challenges regarding the way the business can be run. The implementation of new taxes as well as other factors could provide the company with challenges in matters of how to handle the business (Pestle, Crowley and Weirauch, 2014). 2. However, there are certain measures that are taken by the government in order to strengthen the business environment within the country. The measures, if implemented, would provide the company with the means to grow and succeed in a number of ways (Farris, 2010). The company can also grow in an operational manner because of such measures. Economic 1. The economy of Australia has seen a trend of constant growth. This has mainly been facilitated by the existence of a large number of natural resources and other factors like the development of infrastructure. 2. The exchange rate of the countrys currency has also been relatively stable (Pestle, Crowley and Weirauch, 2014). 3. The most important factor however, is the rising disposable income of the countrys general population. Social The increasing witness that social influences such as state of being poor, joblessness, uneducated, poor infrastructure and social geographic remoteness impact on health ranks. People who are unemployed are more likely to report poor health. The state of being poor is also said to have effect upon average expected length of life though the impact is more noticeable at extreme low levels of earnings (World Bank 1993). A comparatively large part of whole of the Australian labors are jobless (8.6% in 1996) in relation to other OECD countries (Pestle, Crowley and Weirauch, 2014). Hence the new innovation of Lend Lease in Barangaroo South will not only create employment it will also solve all the problem related to unemployment and through its new innovative ideas many new multinational companies will also set foot in the country in return to which more employment will be created. Technological The Lend Lease consists of various range of technologically sound machines and working instruments and developed various technologically sound projects that helped in its growth. Environmental By becoming the participant in the Climate Positive Development Program C40 the Barangaroo South development by Lend Lease emphasizes on to achieve a total-carbon negative outcome in energy, waste reduction strategy and transportation strategy, encouraging developers in creating a revolutionary new model of purposeful sustainable development. Legal With the new and improved employment legislative decisions made by the Fair Work Act in 2009 the organization will easily be able to employee huge number of workers and can complete its project on or before the date of completion (Pestle, Crowley and Weirauch, 2014). Problems that can be solved by the new innovation By becoming the participant in the Climate Positive Development Program C40 the Barangaroo South development by Lend Lease emphasizes on to achieve a total-carbon negative outcome in energy, waste reduction strategy and transportation strategy, encouraging developers in creating a revolutionary new model of purposeful sustainable development(Kubica, 2011). Due to this new innovative idea during the construction the factors of global warming will be reduced and enhancement for the betterment of the environment will be achieved. Benefits of the innovation The new innovation will not only create a pollution free, waste free environment it will also create the awareness for the usage of renewable sources of energy and using public transportation instead of private transports more which in return will serve for the betterment of the environment(Gronum, Steen and Verreynne, 2015). Marketing Plans or Strategies Putting the accurate product in the actual place, at accurate price, at accurate time is going to be our marketing plan, also known as the 4 Ps of marketing. Product The highest rated high-rise office buildings (6stars) under Green Star rating tool of the Australian Green Building Councils will have their homes in Barangaroo along with multi-unit buildings for residential purposes. The complex not only will have commercial and residential buildings but will also have food and beverages counter, public transportation within the complex, hotels, community center and will be worlds leading sustainable urban community(berg, 2010). Place The southern 6 hectares from the 23-hectare previous cargo harbor on the western edge of the town will turn into the greenest global residential, marketing and commercial centre in the world also with dining, hospitality and public places.Barangaroo South will improve Sydneys rank as one of the worlds most outstanding harbor cities and a important destination. Price The price of plots will range from $1 million to $4 million depending on the amount of sq. mt. Promotion Barangaroo will be the worlds one and only carbon free development hence the promotions will be made through out the newspapers and television advertisements (berg, 2010). Delivery of the recommended solution The project consisting of above innovative ideas and solution to various environmental aspects will be completed within the year 2020. References Bearg, D. (2009). Achieving and Maintaining Healthy Green Buildings.Journal of Green Building, 4(1), pp.1-13. Cheremisinoff, N., Rosenfeld, P. and Davletshin, A. (2008).Responsible care. Houston, Tex.: Gulf Pub. Co. Ettlie, J. and Ettlie, J. (2006).Managing innovation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Fine, L. (2009).The SWOT analysis. [Place of publication not identified]: Kick It. FuelCell Energy wins DOE funding to demo onsite trigeneration. (2014).Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2014(4), p.7. Gagnon, A. (2016). Creating a Positive Social-Emotional Climate in Your Elementary Physical Education Program.Strategies, 29(3), pp.21-27. Gronum, S., Steen, J. and Verreynne, M. (2015). Business model design and innovation: Unlocking the performance benefits of innovation.Australian Journal of Management. INL High Performance Building Strategy. (2010). Washington, D.C.: United States. Office of Nuclear Energy, Science, and Technology. Kubica, B. (2011). A class of problems that can be solved using interval algorithms.Computing, 94(2-4), pp.271-280. Michelberger, P. and Ndai, L. (2010). Development strategy for sustainable transportation: towards intelligent systems.PeriodicaPolytechnica Transportation Engineering, 38(2), p.99. Min, D. (2015).Management Science and Financial Engineering, 21(1), pp.25-29. berg, C. (2010). What happened with the grandiose plans? Strategic plans and network realities in B2B interaction.Industrial Marketing Management, 39(6), pp.963-974. Pestle, W., Crowley, B. and Weirauch, M. (2014). Quantifying Inter-Laboratory Variability in Stable Isotope Analysis of Ancient Skeletal Remains.PLoS ONE, 9(7), p.e102844. Rosenthal, E. and Watson, R. (2011). Multilateral Efforts to Reduce Black Carbon Emissions: A Lifeline for the Warming Arctic?.Review of European Community International Environmental Law, 20(1), pp.3-10. Yan, B., Qingchang, R. and Ke, M. (2013). Modeling and Generalized Predictive Control for Chilled Water in Central Air-conditioning System.CIS, 6(4). You, J. (2015). DARPA sets out to automate research.Science, 347(6221), pp.465-465.