Heart of varkness Essay

   The second statement, ‘bearers of spark from the sacred fire’, however, clearly represents how the British brought Christianity and God from Britain to the people of Africa. Conrad also implements the use of bathos, undermining the rest of the paragraph, which is very jingoistic, all about the greatness of the empire. The bathos of which I am referring to is ‘The dreams of men, the seed of commonwealths, the germs of empires. ‘ The use of the word ‘germs’ is very negative, and, in a way, ‘cancels out’ all of the writing before. The next section of the novel that I wish to examine is known as the ‘Grove of Death’. It is a description of Marlow’s initial impressions and observations of the Outer Station, and all the slave labour going on. As he sees the land around him, he notices many ‘mounds of turned up earth’, and ‘wastes of excavations’, he speaks of the land as if it has been ‘raped’ of all its resources, and left as a barren wasteland. His first impressions of the African slave workers seems racist, as he compares there black, naked bodies to ants, however, it is more likely that this is just a reference to the futility and uselessness of the work that is going on. His next observation is a boiler, and an undersized railway-truck. He describes them as ‘dead’ like the ‘carcass of some animal’. There are several interpretations for this scene. One is that he has ‘personified’ the machinery, giving them similar qualities to the slaves, describing the machinery as though it has been allowed to rest, and have its job taken over by slaves. Another interpretation is that the machinery is a symbol for the empire, as the machinery is slowly decaying and rusting, the empire is also declining. Another reference to the futility of this work appears a few lines down. ‘The cliff was not in the way or anything; but this objectless blasting was all the work going on’. It is as if the slaves have just been given something to do, to keep them from sitting around. As Marlow walks further on, he sees a guard carrying a gun, and wearing a ‘jacket with one button of’. This is a very deliberate observation, though the empire seems perfect from the outside, it has imperfections. On seeing Marlow, the guard raises his gun, and tries to see who Marlow is; Marlow is sarcastic at this point, joking about how white men all look the same at a distance, referring to how black people all look the same to him from a distance. As the guard recognises Marlow and smiles, there is more sarcasm from Marlow, describing the guards trust as being ‘exalted’, and describing himself as being a ‘part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings’. Marlow then descends down the hill, towards some trees. At this point, Marlow starts commenting some more on his pity for the slaves, and the pointlessness of the work going on. The first technique used to relay this to us is Conrad’s use of short sentences, like we are part of Marlow’s thought process. His first thoughts are about how futile and pointless all the work that is going on is. He describes one of the pits that has been dug, as ‘just a hole’. As he goes towards the trees for shade, he instantly regrets it, making a direct reference to ‘Dante’s Inferno’. Dante’s Inferno is one perception of what hell would be like. His vision of hell consists of seven rings, each ring containing people who have sinned a particular way, with the rings varying degrees of punishment. He looks around, noticing the slaves, ‘objectifying’ them as ‘black shapes’. He makes an ironic comment, calling the slaves ‘helpers’ and stating how they have ‘withdrawn to die’. He talks about how they have been abandoned in a very understating way. There is another reference to Dante’s Inferno here, as he notices the ‘black shadows of disease and starvation’. Marlow then leaves the trees, but looks down to see a black slave, who has a white thread around his neck. He is startled at how strange and out of place it looks on the black skin. This is symbolic of the white men of the empire being out of place in Africa. To conclude, the ‘Heart of Darkness’ within the play refers to the inner capability to commit evil acts in all men, and the evil of the empire underneath the front of ‘spreading civilisation and the light of Christianity’. The two sections of the novel which I have chosen to examine are full of symbolic imagery, referring to the title, and raising questions in the readers mind about the greatness of Britain. Page 1 of 3 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Extended Critical Response Final Draft

The amount of women who join or even are a part of science related fields, are few and the percentages are lowering over time. The question is why? Why aren't women pursuing careers in these fields? The combination of stereotypes in society and the lack of education on this matter is the answer. They get in the way of a woman's judgment and choices. This is the argument that the article ‘The Persistence of Gender Myths in Math† by Roseland Chat Barnett & Carry Rivers published in October 2004, in the newspaper Education Week supports.I reasonably am in favor of Barnett and Rivers position. Not only because they are against the stereotype which is implanted in our society, that math is only suitable for men but also because they believe that if women where properly educated without bias they could achieve things they are capable of instead of being discouraged. To support my views on this matter will be using evidence from other sources that will be presented later on. One reason I agree with Barnett and Rivers is because on one hand although they acknowledge the fact that â€Å"men far out number women in math related fields† (par. , on the other hand they argue that this has nothing to do with innate differences but rather with stereotypes. In other words the authors do not believe that genes are the reason why women do not choose to study math but are rather deterred from biased people and circumstances which discourage women in succeeding in these fields. When girls grow up in an environment which is biased and supports that men are better than women in jobs or math related studies and avert them from doing the same they will end up believing that men are better than them and that â€Å"erodes their confidence in their own ability to succeed† (par. . In plain English when a girl has been discouraged throughout her life from doing cometh inning that is considered unsuitable to her gender she will not have confidence in achieving a go al and she will believe that she IS not good. It will always seem hard, even if she has the capability of achieving it. Moreover, I could not agree more with Barnett and Rivers that ‘culture has convinced them that girls don't belong in these fields† (par. 0), because a biased culture and the influence of stereotypes may avert girls from choosing what they are good at but rather choose what they are mostly suited for. But doesn't culture consist of education and family? On one hand the article â€Å"Reinforcing Gender Stereotypes: How Our Schools Narrow Children's Choices† by Athena Donald published in January 2014 in the newspaper The Guardian the author supports that the reason girls are not interested in â€Å"manlier† subjects is not due to innate differences but propaganda in school.As Donald puts it â€Å"children learn sexism at school†. Barnett and Rivers are Of the same mind. They believe that teachers do not encourage girls in choosing cour ses that are more popular with boys. On the other hand, Steven Pinker the author of The Science of Difference† published in February 2005, in the newspaper The New Republic talks about this topic in a more psychological prospect and is a firm supporter that biology has to do with what we like (nature), but partly agrees with Barnett and Rivers that people's preferences are caused by their social environment (nurture).This is where family comes in. When the author says â€Å"children are born unisex and are molded into male and female roles by their parents† it shows us that children have the same abilities in achieving things but society is what teaches kids that humans are different due to their ex, which applies, to my beliefs as well as Barnett and Rivers. The authors of † The Persistence of Gender Myths in Math† offer a solution, which think is reasonable.A combination of teachers helping kids in the school environment and enhancing the girls' natural ta lents rather than eliminating them because they don't apply to their sex and the elimination of bias from our society, is what the authors believe to be the solution. Firstly, they believe that teachers can contribute to their female students and help them believe that they are equally likely to succeed in the fields of math. To do so, the educators need to â€Å"examine the degree to which they themselves may have – unconsciously- accepted the math-male equation† (par. 1). Agree with the authors because, since teachers are the ones who have a part of â€Å"molding† a child's personality they need to educate themselves too on this subject. Children cannot be trusted with a teacher who does not encourage them equally. Moreover, I could not agree more with Barnett and Rivers when they say that when we stop believing in the stereotype that men are better that women at math and finally see that it has nothing to do with innate differences (par. ) but rather judge co rrectly a human and his capabilities by â€Å"their individual merits rather than the statistics of their group† (Pinker par. 6) that is when we will have a clear idea of each individuals capabilities despite of their sex. TO sum up, I am a firm supporter of Barnett and Rivers, because they are of the same mind as me which is that achievement in math has nothing to do with sexual characteristics but this is our society's false belief that men can do better in math fields.The consequence of which, ends up affecting women negatively, it does let them acknowledge their own abilities and flourish in these fields. Moreover, the authors do not stand idly towards this topic but proceed in offering a solution in eliminating this bias specifically in the school environment, which is that educators should eliminate this inhabited stereotype so they can judge the abilities of their students in math, based on their performance and not according to their sex which will result in encouragi ng them equally.Finally, a stereotype cannot stand in the way of a woman's pursuit of her dreams just because her sex according to statistics does not do well in math. All humans despite of their ex, deserve the same encouragement and support in achieving their goals, so it's time for society to work off this bias and judge equally peoples' achievements rather than having a false idea of women's capabilities.

Family and Childcare Issues for Single Head of Households Essay

Child care issues greatly affect families in the low-income bracket. This means families earning less than 200% of poverty. Parents in this category usually find themselves less able to lead productive lives in relation to retaining employment. Disruptions in work schedules, including but not limited to absenteeism occur when parents are unable to provide adequate child care or are unable to access child care programs. With the rising cost of living, providing child care remains an uphill task for the low income families. Government interventions in providing affordable child care programs provide a relief for the working families in the low-income bracket. This enables the families secure their current jobs since high absenteeism and work related interruptions usually leads to loss of jobs and consequently loss of income and a resultant entrapment in poverty. Relationship between Child Care Assistance and Employment Cost of child care to low-income families The greatly affected parent in child care issues is the mother. In event that the mother in the low-income bracket happens to be the head of the household the issues become more compounded. However when the low-income mother gets access to child care support programs she is the more likely to get employed, retain employment, be self-reliant and consequently lead a better quality life. There is increased incidence of working single low-income mothers in recent years. With over 60 % of poverty stricken families with children working, the need for affordable child care programs is a necessity. Approximately 64% of the single, low-income mothers with children under six year are employed (Matthews, 2006. p.1). In the low-income bracket families spend 25% to 50% of their income on child care. Child care cost is not static but varies with the quality, type and certainly the particular country. In the U.S child care for a four year old child is in the range between $3,016 to $9,628 while that of an infant ranges from $3,803 to $13,480 in a year. This is above the affordability of the low-income single mother. In particular communities in the U.S the low-income families without access to child care programs can barely afford over 10% of the subsidized child care provided in their community (Matthews, 2006. p.2). In some counties the cost of child care visa vie the annual income of a single parent household is 56% (Contra Costa Child Care Council, 2003. p.1). The impact of the lack of reliable child care on employers cannot be neglected. Work related interruptions such as employee absenteeism have a direct negative impact on the organizations that employ the affected single parents. In 1998 these interruptions cost the U.S employers about $3 billion in lost revenue. Employee absenteeism as a result of child care issues results to an average of two days of work lost per year. Whereas about 65% of employees report late or leave early resulting to lost man-hours as a result of child care issues. In some states 20% of parents have had problems retaining employment, or securing employment as a result of child care problems, while about 37% have lost man-hours due to the same problem (Matthews, 2006. p.2). It is evident that a vast majority of the low-income families are engaged in jobs that do not offer paid leave or flexible work hours. This compounds the problem when the single parent has to lose their pay to attend to child care issues. This means that the costs, financial and otherwise, of child care are an impediment to women empowerment bearing in mind that they are the most likely to be directly affected by loss of income due to child care issues (Matthews, 2006. p.2). Child Care and Women Employment Provision of child care enables the single parent to get employment or retain current employment. If single heads of households received full support for child care, it would increase by 15% the proportion of working women and by 14% of the proportion of working low-income women earning approximately 185% of the poverty level. Access to child care support programs has a direct relationship to access to employment including employment retention to single heads of households. Single mothers with young children are 40% more likely to retain employment in the event that they get access to child care programs. The chance of employment in the low-income single mothers’ category increases by approximately 15% in the event that they receive child care support (Matthews, 2006. p.3). Need for Child Care More often that not, single heads of households need to work away from home thus creating the need for child care from outside the family set-up. In the view of this access to child care centers becomes a necessity. Child care centers fall into two basic categories namely the licensed and the non-licensed. Licensing child care centers ensures that minimum acceptable standards for child care are met and consequently maintained. However the child care provided from the child’s home exempt from the licensing requirements although it is deemed as legal. The unlicensed child care service providers operate in violation of the law (Oklahoma Child Care, 2005. p.6).   Ã‚  In states like Oklahoma for instance, 58.7% of children below thirteen years live in households headed by a single parent. In the view of this a huge number of these children (above 300,000) need child care on a daily basis. Due to the lack of adequate and affordable licensed child care facilities families rely on other service providers other than the licensed child care centers. These other service providers include family members, neighbors and the unlicensed child care centers. Single parents with infants are less fortunate since the available licensed child care centers are hesitant in admitting infants (Oklahoma Child Care, 2005. p.6-10). In Contra Costa County, children below five years of age living in households headed by a single parent account for 17% of the total number of children. However the available child care centers are overwhelmed by the numbers of children in need of these facilities. The licensed child care available can only cater for 32% of the total number of children with employed parents. That creates a deficit of 68% who may only access child care from the unlicensed child care centers and other service providers. Lack of adequate facilities to cater for the children with special needs aggravates the problem (Contra Costa Child Care Council, 2003. p.1). Effect of Child Care Support on Employment In general single parents who get access to child care facilities are more productive at their work places working for longer hours and hence increasing their earnings. However single parents who access the subsidized child care programs achieve over 100% increased earning with 50% increase in the total number of months engaged in productive work. It has been proved that access to subsidized child care programs is directly related to increased job retention among the beneficiary single parents. While there is 25% to 43% likelihood of decrease in job losses among the beneficiaries of the subsidized child care programs (Matthews, 2006. p.4).   It is evident that the cost of child care drains the income especially of the single parent in that it accounts for more than the proportion of the income that caters for rent, mortgages, and the cost of good quality college education (Oklahoma Child Care, 2005. p. 2).

Current Issue on Islamic Banking and Finance Essay

New paradigm of product packaging. Islamic banking and finance has emerged as a financial intermediation process that is competitive and resilient and that contributes to the overall wealth creation, growth and development of our nation. In the middle of an increasingly challenging and competitive financial environment, the evolution of a comprehensive Islamic financial system seeks to meet the range of requirements of a rapidly changing economic environment, with its soundness and stability secured through the robustness of its regulatory framework supported by the strength of its financial infrastructure and the sophistication of its products and services. Indeed, the strength of the respective components of the system and the interconnections of its markets will open new frontiers in Islamic banking and finance and will maximize the potential and opportunities that it accords. In the new current issues on Islamic banking and finance have increased their product in sophistication from the deposits product to hybrid product that are able to enhance returns to depositors. Further advancement was made with the introduction of the Islamic variable rate financing mechanism that provides an alternative to the fixed rate financing. This will assist the Islamic banking institutions in mitigating part of the risk emanating from asset and liability mismatches. New innovative Islamic financial instruments such as Islamic asset-backed securities have also emerged and the financial structures underlying Islamic securities become more specifies. The rapid growth of Islamic unit trusts comprising a variety of bond funds, equity funds and balanced funds increases the efficiency and potential of the Islamic financial system as an intermediation channel by providing investors’ access to professional asset management that is based on their distinct risk tolerance levels. The issuance of new Islamic banking licenses to qualified foreign financial institutions will allow for the presence of foreign Islamic banking players to act as bridge between Malaysia and other global Islamic financial markets and increase the potential to tap new markets and growth opportunities.

Desert Biome

De iomee ert B s n g rick Bor By: E Period:2 Where is the desert biome located Usually located in U. S. A, South America, Africa,Europe,Austalia,and Asia. located in hot, dry locations around the Earth. Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth's land surface. What's the climate like? All deserts are dry, arid places, but some may be cold depending on the location. Desert regions usually only receive 10 inches of rain per year. A very low latitude climate. Usually have average temperature over 64Â ° F(18Â ° C). The climate is formed by high-pressure zones in which cold air descends.Who lives in the Desert? The animals that live in the desert such as camels, snakes, lizards, scorpions, coyotes, armadillos, hawks, and kangaroos, have special adaptations that allow them to survive the extreme temperatures and conditions that present in a desert. There's also things like plants such as cactus, ocotillo a leafy green plant that produces flowers) and shrubs. Plants in the desert are for ced to make many adaption's in order to survive in this dry, hot land. Some adaption's are when rain falls they sprout at that moment. SpecialityReceives a extremely low amount of perspiration. More water is lost by evapotranspiration. Deserts can be Cold or hot. Cold deserts are usually covered in snow or ice. classified by their geographical location and dominant weather pattern. Sand covers about only 20% of earths deserts. Antarctica is actually the biggest desert. level of biodiversity I believe the level of biodiversity is hot and dry. Not to many living things live in the desert, because of heat. Deserts don't really have plants because it rarely rains. Animals that can live in the heat can sustained the deserts biodiversity.

Sensory Preception

In my option I believe that one can trust the human senses to give us an accurate view of the world. My reason for believing this is because everything that we think are perceived starts with our thinking and senses. We have five senses, Taste, sight, smell, touch and hear, and with these sense we are able to function in this world. According to the reading most of our thinking is sensory interactive: after all our brain is enfleshed in our senses, therefore sometime our senses can be accurate and sometimes they can be inaccurate.The accuracy of my senses can be on point when things are clear and there is nothing clouding my thinking, example when I have had a good day and there have been no distractions then things make sense. On the other hand the daily concerns which are presented in general may cause my sense to be altered therefore things that would make sense are distorted and challenged. Our sensual perception (using sight as an example) can deceive our brain in three major wa ys: limited biologically, we see the superficial; corralled by custom, we see the habitual; and blinded by language, we see the general.Provide at least three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory data information. My reasons for believing in the accuracy of sensory data are as follows. 1. Smell would be one sense of accuracy that I believe in, because we use this to let us know when, some things such as the environment that we are in is okay, for instance if we are in our homes, or at work and the smoke detector goes off then we would examine our surrounds to see if all is well, if not we would, leave because our smell of smoke and hearing of the alarm tells us that there may be a fire. . Our hearing is another powerful tool that we are blessed to have it’s our most vital sense. It’s crucial in communication, and is interactive with our thinking. Our hearing opens up the wonders of the world and helps us to explore things that we would not oth erwise be able to in bark upon. With our hearing we are able to recognize different sounds such as the winds blowing and the rain falling sounds such as music which has been proven to rage the beast in us.Example in the Bible 1 Samuel 16:23 and it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took a harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. King James Bible (Cambridge Ed. ) All of which has come about because of our hearing. 3. The power of touch is also a great sensory perception that we have as a part of our make up in the human body. It allows us to fell what is cold and hot, smooth are rough.If one becomes blind, the sense of touch becomes the most power tool that the person has, it’s through the touch of the hand the one can read words, or determine the difference between a bottle and a cup, or the shape of one’s eyes or noise or lips. Touch allows us to take caution of heat that may be on a stove or a fireplace for fear that we might get burned. Again because of the accuracy of our perception we can perceive such things as this.

Two methods of losing weight, Eating right and exercise vs cosmetic Essay

Two methods of losing weight, Eating right and exercise vs cosmetic surgery - Essay Example The only similarity that eating right and doing exercise, and cosmetic surgery is that all of these phenomena work toward the establishment of the same aim that is, weight loss. When we include junk food in our diet, we are just giving our bodies empty calories that are of no use except for putting extra fat on us. We become obese and acquire a number of diseases that obesity directs toward us. When we do not exercise properly, we become lethargic and our bodies become inactive and lazy, which again put on us extra fat. Eating right and exercising regularly enable us to lose weight and become smart and energetic. Cosmetic surgery also intends to do the same. The person goes through a number of operations and surgeries to get that extra fat off the arms, belly and legs. Weight is significantly reduced and the difference is very obvious. Hence, we can say that all of these techniques help us to reduce weight. In contrast, eating right not only helps in losing extra weight by cutting off empty calories, but also provides the body with essential nutrients that it needs to stay healthy and active. Whitney, Whitney and Rolfes (2010, p.157) assert that, â€Å"A well-planned diet delivers adequate nutrients, a balanced array of nutrients, and an appropriate amount of energy (kcalories). It is based on nutrient-dense foods, moderate in substances that can be detrimental to health†. Cosmetic surgery only tends to make the body lose the extra fat that it has and does not provide any nutrients. Instead, the person has to take supplements to make up for the nutrients and multivitamins that the body loses in the process of losing weight through cosmetic surgery like liposuction. Hence where healthy diet provides body with healthy nutrients and exercise energizes the body while making it lose weight, cosmetic surgery has only one advantage of weight loss. Another contrast is that healthy diet and exercise have no side

Serving Customers in Global Markets (Report) Essay

Serving Customers in Global Markets (Report) - Essay Example Nevertheless, the advert was able to garner the attention of consumers by influencing and in some cases even challenging their perceptions of beauty. The commercial also addressed the concepts of self-confidence and self-perception in a truly unique manner by depicting the stark contrast between how we view ourselves and how others see us. The influence of Dove’s Real Beauty Sketches is an embodiment of the psychological dimension of marketing which essentially represents the significance of successfully understanding consumer psychology to gain an advantage over the competitors. As stated by Haugtvedt, Petty and Cacioppo (1992), the cognitive element of advertising is associated with the development of a consumer’s behavior and attitude regarding a particular product. Furthermore, a comprehension of the psychology of the customer is also important for a business from the point of view of branding. Schmitt (2012) proposes the development of a consumer psychology model o f brands, the recommendations of which can be integrated to discuss the consumers’ judgment of the brand. ... The key message in the advert wishes to enlighten the audience on the perceptions of beauty by encouraging women to value their natural beauty. 2. Application of Consumer Psychology Theories According to Pieters and Wedel (2004), a print advertisement’s ability to attract the attention of the consumer is governed by three elements which are that of brand, pictorial and text. On the contrary, Porter and Golan (2006) postulate that the content which can be classified as ‘viral’ capitalizes on an individual’s will to share the material as much as possible and this characteristic does not stand valid in the case of television adverts. The differentiation that is shared by these cases essentially outlines a medium’s ability to immediately capture the attention of a consumer. Kahnemann (1973) understands that attention is associated with the contents of short-term memory which can be obtained from stimuli that exist both internally and externally. As depic ted in the diagram below short-term memory, is also known as working memory, and its contents are lost when forgotten. Fig 1. Information Processing and Memory Stores With respect to the advertisement, the attention of the viewer is captured through the simplicity of the setting, which can also be assessed in the light of perceived meanings. The setting of the commercial, with its large, well-lit and airy space shows the studio of a forensic artist and this component instantaneously draws the customer into the calm, secure and natural environment. The commercial characteristics that have been employed in the advertisement under study can be assessed in accordance with the concept of repetition, the application of which allows a specific

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care Assignment

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care - Assignment Example The researcher therefore focuses at the main factors that drive change in the health sector through cross-examining CQC’s report on Royal United Hospital Bath. Discussing a number of key factors driving change in the health as well as social services through examining strengths, weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats, therefore, remains essential. Strengths relate to organizational aspects that include resources, both physical and financial, expertise staff and other internal factors of an organization. Through identification of opportunities from the external environment that rhyme with the internal capabilities, organizations capitalize on the strengths. Weaknesses on the other hand amount to deficiencies arising from incompetent resources of an organization (Whitten, 2009, pg. 117). Poor services or bad reputation of an organization serves as the major weaknesses within an organization setup. Leaders and managers, therefore, need to work on correcting those weaknesses that reduce organizations effectiveness as well as damaging the organization. Opportunities arise from external environment changes. Changes in government policie s or technology fall under that category. Organizations take advantage of presented opportunities in order to grow current services. Threats, on the other hand, relate to external factors presenting risks to the organization. Change of government policies and technological changes forms the major risks that face existing organizations. Examining the weaknesses and threats posed by these factors will enhance responsible institutions to develop achievable strategies to cope with these challenges. The first factor relates to Legislation. Legislation relates to government programs that involve funding and the NHS as the major body entrusted with controlling the health and social services sector. Government control of the health sector remains an

Metaphoric comparison of Audi Manufacturing Essay

Metaphoric comparison of Audi Manufacturing - Essay Example These expressions vary depending upon the need. However, these expressions help in creating a perception of the organisation; provide information that may be used for further diagnosis of the organisation; and provide an experience of the organisation’s disposition from an emotional, sensory, and understanding perspectives. The present context of analytic study is based on exploration of the luxury car manufacturing giant, Audi manufacturing, from three different metaphoric perspectives namely, organisations as machines, organisations as intricately woven meshes and organisations as processes of flux and transformation. The process of exploration is based on literature review associated with these metaphoric expressions and information related to the manufacturing giant. In this process, besides understanding the meaning and application of these three metaphoric expressions to Audi manufacturing, critical reflection on the positive aspects of metaphoric explanations and weakne sses associated with respective metaphors will be undertaken. Originated in Germany, Audi stands as one of the top brands of luxury car manufacturers in the world. ... To possess an Audi, customers willingly wait for long time, which explains its level of success and popularity. Audi’s employees number about 60,000 across the all its production and service centres. Organisations are complex structures that function based on numerous systems, procedures, policies and practices, and requires a variety of skilled personnel that need to continuously learn and upgrade their skills in order to cater to changing external and internal demands. Hence, organisations are constantly challenged with ambiguity and uncertainty, and therefore require constant adaptation. These are achieved by constantly changing the work processes, systems, skills as well as places in contemporary times. These ever-changing patterns coerce management researchers to constantly scrutinize the internal and external environment, which ultimately result in various understandings as perceived by different individuals. These reflective perceptions have resulted in various metaphor ic expressions of contemporary organisations. On one hand, these images provide insightful information about the organisation, and on the other, they have potential to present distorted image of the organisation. Both, imminent information and distorted images have to be considered in arriving at meaningful outcomes or studies of organisations that can be of practical importance in implementing measures that could be beneficial to the business, employees and/or society and environment. The present study is aimed at understanding Audi Manufacturing through the lenses of three different metaphors, which are aptly applicable to this manufacturing giant. These finding may be used to understand the impact of metaphors on development of theory

Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy in Costa Rica-Total Body Research Paper

Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy in Costa Rica-Total Body Response to Radiation - Research Paper Example In a 1991 report, the capital city, San Jose had about 1.11 million inhabitants. The Costa Rican social security system, which is mandated to provide medical cover, reported 90% coverage for the population. The life expectancy was reported to be at 75.2 years between the years 1990 and 1995. Integral in the treatment of cancer in Costa Rica are three hospitals which also act as referral centres for the different segments of the country. These include the San Juan de Dios Hospital, the Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia Hospital and the Mexico Hospital. Of significance and relevant to the case study is the San Juan de Dios Hospital which has radiotherapy facilities (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1998). During the month of July 1997, the international atomic energy association received an invitation from the government of Costa Rica to aid in assessment of overexposure of radiotherapy. This overexposure had occurred to patients in San Jose Hospital in Costa Rica. The initiating occurrence specifically happened at San Juan de Dios hospital in San Jose on the 22nd of August, 1996. This was after a radioactive carbon source, 60 CO was replaced. When the new source was standardized, an inaccuracy was made in the computation of dose rate. Consequently, this error led to administration of considerable higher radiation doses compare to the prescribed intake in terms of exposure (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1998).... e was no satisfactory explanation as to these large disparities in dose values, an expert was engaged to evaluate the possibilities of such differences. The expert was to assess the physical aspects of quality assurance in radiotherapy. Furthermore, the expert was also to verify degree of application recommended by the technical report series and those of compliance reports. The review was conducted between the 8th and 19th of July, 1996. Her report indicated that there were no records kept on the calibration of beams emitted by radiation machines. Additionally, the assessment showed that there was no information available on the specific equipment used to offer radiotherapy services. With working environment prevailing in tandem with dose determination procedures properly followed, the outcome obtained or the calculation of absorbed dose rate in a computer program was not easily verifiable. The computer program which was developed by the person in charge of dosimeter had errors of c lose to 5% in percentage dose values. Moreover, there was an error of approximately 2 centimeters in the optical distance indicator (Perez & Brady, 1998). Discrepancies of up to 8% within the calculated time found, for the same irradiation conditions, when a calculation method on the basis of percentage depth dose (PDD) and the tissue air ratio (TAR) was used. Initial examination indicated that similar absorbed dose rate value had been employed in both procedures. Consequently, revelation on confusion between the concepts of dose in air and dose in water at the depth of optimal maximization was eminent. Having underpinned and satisfactorily addressed these issues, the expert brought these findings to radiation oncologists at the hospital. These included thermo luminescence dosimeters dose

Assessment in science(Schools in England) Essay

Assessment in science(Schools in England) - Essay Example For one, NC has increased the number of students learning science. A key intention of the NC was to have students aged 5-16 learning science in primary and secondary education, as outlined in the Science 5-16 DES policy statement which was outlined in March 1985. Secondly, the NC has inculcated more effectiveness in teaching and learning of sciences. This is because the DES policy statement emphasised that teaching science was to include both the acquisition of knowledge and comprehension of facts and principles of science (which was to be done in a broad and balanced manner) and the methods of science. In this respect, science became a core subject alongside mathematics and English (Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, Children, Schools and Families Committee, 2009, 17 and the Great Britain Dept. for Education and Employment, 1999, 34). The NC also lifted up performance in science subjects. This follows the outlining of the form that the policy would take, by the Education Re form Act 1988. ... Studying the science and arts subjects alike, under the programme is to culminate into sitting for the GCSE, when one finishes the Key Stage 4. This ensures that those who proceed to a higher level of learning are fully equipped, cognitively and academically. Thus, students are able to perform academically in higher levels of learning. Again, the same students’ ability to perform and comprehend concepts in higher standards of learning inculcates confidence and a positive attitude among them and extirpates chances for dropouts (Pollard and Bourne, 1994, 22). The teaching of biology, chemistry and physics has also become more standardised, following the changes that the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority for 2006 amendments made. This measure was to help ensure that those issuing guidance and information top science learners in years 9-11 of their studies have a single document that contains accurate and updated information on the opportunities, support and qualifications t hat are available. It is by this virtue that many students have gained increased awareness on sciences and the opportunities that accost studying science (Daugherty, 1995, 17 and Kelly, 1990, 14). According to Watts (1991, 12), the NC also helped further synchronise scientific disciplines and learning of sciences at the national level. This happened especially as changes were made in the 2006 national curriculum. The main changes included information regarding planning timetables, deciding between specifications and understanding the implications for teaching sciences and knowing where to obtain necessary resources from (Daugherty, Phillips and Rees, 2000, 17). The content of the science subjects being taught has also expanded, following the introduction of key stages. Particularly, one of

Disaster Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disaster Management - Essay Example For this paper, we tracked disasters in different provinces/cities to be able to draw conclusion on the hazards, impact and vulnerability of these cities, and to recommend measures in mitigating and being prepared when such disasters strike. Data of disasters that happened in Ontario and Quebec for 1993 up to 2010 were obtained from http://www.scribblemaps.com. Most common disasters in these areas based on the data gathered are floods, forest fires and storms/snowstorms. Other disasters that struck the area are chemical fire, train collision, tornado, snow avalanche, aircraft and bus accident, chemical release, epidemic and mine collapse. In Quebec, flooding happened every year since 1992 until 1996. These resulted to deaths, loss of homes and jobs, disruption of classes, washing out of roads and bridges and electricity cut-off. As a low lying area, Quebec has been vulnerable to floods. The government devised a plan to combat this via various infrastructures like construction and operation of a water retention reservoir, construction of a sill, consolidation and enhancement of existing dikes and implementation of an upgraded flood forecasting system as reported in Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Joseph Epstein The Perpetual Adolescent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joseph Epstein The Perpetual Adolescent - Essay Example This argumentative paper aims to defend my view of growing up and gaining maturity that should also be projected by media. The defensive account will be made in the paper by taking examples from Epstein’s article into consideration. The reason why I consider growing up as a wise phase in life is due the experience of older people that have allowed the young ones to learn from and understand the difference between right and wrong. The distinction between the adolescents and older people is in terms of experience. I would say that gone are the days when men and women were proud of the fact that they were growing wiser. Epstein has also stressed on the same view in his article by comparing example of intellect of older people with Aristotle (Epstein). Similarly, older generation needs to understand that they have the power of experience that would allow them to have a mature approach towards life. Maturity should be considered as an asset by the older generations, which is now no t given due consideration. It is because even older people are impressed by the false youth culture being projected by the media. Such a claim as per my observation becomes easy to understand by considering modern day older women as an example of this. Older women are no more reluctant to follow fashion trends displayed by young models in the media (Epstein). American women who are growing wiser must understand the distinction between youthfulness and adulthood, and then follow the trends. Similar example has also been given by Epstein in his article stating that women undergo a great deal of plastic surgeries just to look young because they think that being young and by following adolescent culture they will be valued more. However, the true attractive feature of women is when she grows older and wiser (Epstein). I believe that Epstein’s view on the faded line of distinction between the youth and adulthood in terms of the American nation is correct. At one hand, being young is not dire as adolescents have a lot of energy because they get to see new in life and are full of creativity; while on the other hand, becoming older and wise is a blessing as individuals have already been through crucial moments of life. But it should be noted that the media has misinterpreted the distinction between these two phases of life. The American nation has become a victim of the media’s agenda to sell youth culture depriving the confidence of living a life with wisdom and maturity (Epstein). I have also observed that our society has also accepted the youthful culture being projected by media in this way. This acceptance has led lives of adult to become miserable, as they have started to run after the youthful culture. The point to be noted here is that the adults are chasing youthful trends and culture which has passed them long before and it is about time that they must live with mature decision-making in every aspect of life. Society and media should go hand in hand to make a difference in people’s view for growing older and wiser. Media should celebrate experience of older people by appreciating them. Media should enhance the need of maturity that is lacking in the American society (Epstein). Through the above counter arguments, it could be said that adolescences have the energy that can create implications of a vision. Youth can be strong

Inflation targeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Inflation targeting - Essay Example 2% in the U.K. nd 2.5% in Nrwy. (Mishkin, Eakins, 2006) The difference between these frms des nt seem t mtter in prctice: centrl bnk with trget rnge seems t im fr the middle f the rnge, nd the edges f the rnge re nrmlly interpreted s "sft edges," in the sense tht they d nt trigger discrete plicy chnges nd being just utside the rnge is nt cnsidered much different frm being just inside. The relation between inflation targets and central bank preferences has been thoroughly investigated. On one hand, there is a theoretical literature of Walsh (1995), Svensson (1997) that concludes that inflation targets can be used as a way of overcoming credibility problems because they can mimic optimal performance incentive contracts. On the other hand, there is an empirical literature (Bernanke et al. 1999), that looks whether inflation targets have been instrumental in reducing the policy-implied short-term trend rate of inflation. Broadly speaking, the evidence is that inflation targets have indeed brought about a change in policymaker's inflation preferences. Unlike the relation between inflation targets and central bank preferences, a relatively underexplored issue is how to translate inflation targets into short-term interest rates. This is the issue of how to map explicit "targets" for monetary policy into monetary policy instruments, or how to implement an inflation-targeting framework. An exception is an important contribution by Svensson (1997). Svensson shows that because of lags in the transmission process of short-term interest rates to inflation, inflation targeting implies inflation forecast targeting. In his analysis, the central bank's forecast becomes an explicit intermediate target and its optimal reaction function has the same form as the Taylor rule (1999). Bullard and Schaling (2001) augment the Svensson model with regime switching in productivity and calculate the optimal monetary policy rule in the altered environment. They find that a rule that incorporates leading indicators about regimes significantly outperforms th e Taylor rule. They use this result to comment on the new economy events of the 1990s and the

The Global Village Finally Arrives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Global Village Finally Arrives - Essay Example According to Lyer, the traditional metaphor for the changes globalization has made and is making to the world is that of a mosaic. The fragments that the world is composed of combine to make one big picture, and if you stand back to look at it from a good distance, it seems to be one image and those fragments are now part of a whole. As well as this, the mosaic itself is not static, and the fragments are constantly shifting this way and that to form new images. Using the mosaic as a metaphor illustrates how the lines of what constitutes national or country identity can begin to blur as cultures borrow heavily from one another. It also reinforces the idea that despite the love affair that many people have with all things American, it is definitely a give and take situation, where countries all over the world both give to and borrow from other cultures. â€Å"As fast as the world comes to America, America goes round the world†. (170) Globalization is driven by people – â€Å"defined†¦by an international youth culture that takes its cues from American pop culture.† (170) This may be true, but it is an America that is increasingly diverse, with the multitude of cultures in the country constantly borrowing ideas from each other, and from the world. Even as teens in Asia and Europe are wearing Levis jeans and watching American TV, Americans are eating sushi and watching Japanese anime cartoons. The America that sets the style for so many other countries is and always has been a melting pot for a host of different cultures and perhaps it is this that drives globalization now. American culture as a whole is surprisingly rich simply because it is a mix of so many different cultures. Interestingly, while globalization maybe more widespread than ever before, as Lyer points out, it is not a new thing. Cultural diversity has always existed, in Biblical times and before. Modern technology, however, has made a very significant contribution to the spread of globalization - in the age of phone, fax, internet, satellite television and rapid transit nothing is very far away anymore. As countries all over the world become increasingly modernized, they beam information all over the world, so that "the news is in Mandarin; today's baseball game is being broadcast in Korean". (169) Lyer's essay points out in no uncertain terms that globalization is a two-way street. The fascination of other countries with America has certainly been one of the driving forces. However, it is just as certain that America has always been a multi-cultural society, and borrows just as heavily from other cultures and nations as they do from

Computing Research Methodologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computing Research Methodologies - Essay Example The aim is to spread the knowledge about how the trainees can save themselves from any mishap. This paper presents the rationale for the development of this interactive simulation, the resources used in the development, the deadlines that should be followed in the implementation of this idea and it also discusses the potential usage of this innovative idea in the educational sector. Second life is a virtual world in which one can experience learning with the help of simulations. The users of second life interact and collaborate with each other by using avatars. These avatars act on the behalf of users in socializing and participating in individual and group events. This proposal is projected towards creating a facility in Second life in order to test the idea that interactive simulation can assist in health improvement and safety awareness among the trainee science teachers. For this purpose a virtual laboratory is built. The CoVASE technology is used for the development of this virtual laboratory. This virtual lab will teach the trainee science teachers how to take safety measures and how to improve their health by interacting with them through 3D visualization. It will develop a simulated atmosphere of real world incidents in a science laboratory for the trainee teachers. The trainees were given full control on the system and their responses and activities we re recorded. The trainees shared their experiences on virtual simulated environment that it was very interesting, informative and motivating for all of them. The trainees can get the required information about the training without any cost incurred. It does not require any additional expense to gain experience from virtual world and interactive simulations. It is an interesting activity to be performed and it does not cause boredom among the performers (Fan & Geelan, 2013). In this project my aim is to

Study guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study guide - Assignment Example 2. Both Christians and Jewish had their own deities and worshipping method and Romans had many gods like Neptune, Venus and other Isis. Which were of Greek and Egyptian origin. Christian community homes serve elderly people and Jewish community home give affordable shelter to old people and catacombs are places of worship and these places are called â€Å"Home care centre† and church for worship in modern times. 15. Lux Nova depics Gothic architecture in its art form where stained glass on windows are given artistic expressions. In this architecture the window glasses of a building had stains in different colours. 1.Byzantine Church in San Vitale was consecrated in 547 and is situated in Italy and has exclusive mosaic work especially the space around the altar. This church has great religious significance has its has connection with Jesus Christ and his apostles .It is a surviving example of Byzantine architecture and Justinian i posted in the central of the mosaic chanel . It has a rectangular choir and apse which project from the eastern side. It was the sole major church built during the Emperor Justinian. The interior of the church had a theology of color. 2. The church was destroyed in fire and was changed in exterior and interior. The cathedral’s West Front, North Porch, and South Porch all have 3 huge doors. The stained glass of the church remained after fire but the type of window of 12th century disappeared when renovated .The interior lighting was same and the stained glass was unique to the Gothic architecture. The royal were integrated into new cathedral and was reinventing gothic style which attracted visitors. And the jamb statues were the figures of kings and queens. 3. Giotti was a completely innovative painter of Italy and has been an evolution maker in Roman art history. He was born near Florence in 13th century and was a painter and architect. He has contributed much to the Italian artistic world and is considered

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemma Essay In searching for a solution to the ethical dilemma of animal factories using antibiotics to keep animals well, I think there is only one solution; that is to stop buying animal products that come from these places. The hard part is getting more people to follow suit. The hard part about getting people to stop buying a certain product is that consumer’s don’t always know the risks or problems associated with a certain product, in this case, meat that is tainted with antibiotics. When consumers in the United States go to the grocery store or market, we are so hurried in our lives that checking where the food comes from often is not of importance. If consumers are to make a change, they first need to be educated, and this takes time, so someone has to get the word out, and on a large scale. I would contact major media sectors and draw their attention to the problem. I would check out Internet sources and make blogs or posts of my own. I myself would become an educated consumer and stop buying these products. I would speak to medical professionals such as my family physician to ask about the potential dangers of eating meat and poultry that had been fed antibiotics, and I would change my diet accordingly. I might even get my own hens if my city allowed that in city limits, and I would suggest to others that they do the same. I would share what I know with others and refuse to buy products from animal factories. This is the power that I hold as a consumer, and I would utilize it to solve this ethical dilemma.

City of God vs. The Protestant Reformations Essay Example for Free

City of God vs. The Protestant Reformations Essay Introduction: The belief that God is present to the human mind and soul, and can be found is part of the Christian tradition. Many Christian philosophers seem to regard this as the concern only of specially devout persons and of no interest for philosophical purposes. The evidence for it, they think, it too slender to be taken seriously by academic philosophers without particular interest in religion, who tend to regard anything in the nature of religious experience as suspect. So, philosophical discussions about religion are usually concerned with rational arguments for and against theism, usually of a technical kind. In this article, I want to discuss the Augustine world with the reformist will as proposed by Martin Luther. One of the great cornerstones in the history of Christian thought, The City of God is vital to an understanding of modern Western society and how it came into being. Begun in A.D. 413 by Saint Augustine, the great theologian who was bishop of Hippo, the books initial purpose was to refute the charge that Christianity was to blame for the fall of Rome (which had occurred just three years earlier). Augustines City of God, a monumental work of religious lore, philosophy, and history, was written as a kind of literary tombstone for Roman culture. After the downfall of Rome, Augustine wrote this book to portray the corruption of Romans pursuit of earthly pleasures: grasping for praise, open-handed with their money; honest in the pursuit of wealth, they wanted to hoard glory. Augustine contrasts his condemnation of Rome with an exaltation of Christian culture. The glory that Rome failed to attain will only be realized by citizens of the City of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem foreseen in Revelation. On the other hand Hans J. Hillerbrand in his book â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† says When the reformers who had first ventured a new interpretation of the gospel had passed from the scene, the question which had haunted the Reformation from its very inceptionwhere is truth?was still contested by the proponents of the old and the new faith. But one fact was beyond dispute: Western Christendom was tragically dividedinto no less than five religious factions.Though these divisions were the result of intense religious conviction, they could not help but lessen the intensity of religious belief in Europe. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was the last period in the history of Western civilization when men were preoccupied with religion, argued it, fought and even died for it. Its consequences are still with us†. Argument: The two cities in city of God and the two wills in Lutheranism No book except the Bible itself had a greater influence on the Middle Ages than the â€Å"City of God†. Since medieval Europe has been the cradle of todays Western civilization, this work by consequence is vital for an understanding of our world and how it came into being. St. Augustine is often regarded as the most influential Christian thinker after St. Paul, and this book highlights upon a vast synthesis of religious and secular knowledge. It began as a reply to the charge that Christian otherworldliness was causing the decline of the Roman Empire. Augustine produced a wealth of evidence to prove that paganism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction. Then he proceeded to his larger theme, a cosmic interpretation of history in terms of the struggle between good and evil: the City of God in conflict with the Earthly City or the City of the Devil. This, the first serious attempt at a philosophy of history, was to have incalculable influence in forming the Western mind on the relations of church and state, and on the Christians place in the temporal order. It is more than a question of setting down on paper a series of abstract principles and then applying them in practice. Christianity is more than a moral code, more than a philosophy, more than a system of rites. Although it is sufficient, in the abstract, to divide the Catholic religion into three aspects and call them creed, code and cult, yet in practice, the integral Christian life is something far more than all this. It is more than a belief; it is a life. That is to say, it is a belief that is lived and experienced and expressed in action. The action in which it is expressed, experienced and lived is called a mystery. This mystery is the sacred drama which keeps ever present in history the Sacrifice that was once consummated by Christ on Calvary. In plain wordsif you can accept them as plainChristianity is the life and death and resurrection of Christ going on day after day in the souls of individual men and in the heart of society. It is this Christ-life, this incorporation into the Body of Christ, this union with His death and resurrection as a matter of conscious experience, that St. Augustine wrote of in his Confessions. But Augustine not only experienced the reality of Christ living in his own soul. He was just as keenly aware of the presence and action, the Birth, Sacrifice, Death and Resurrection of the Mystical Christ in the midst of human society. And this experience, this vision, if you would call it that, qualified him to write a book that was to be, in fact, the autobiography of the Catholic Church. That is what The City of God is. Just as truly as the Confessions are the autobiography of St. Augustine, The City of God is the autobiography of the Church written by the most Catholic of her great saints. Evidently, the treatment of the theme is so leisurely and so meandering and so diffuse that The City of God, more than any other book, requires an introduction. The best we can do here is to offer a few practical suggestions as to how to tackle it. The first of these suggestions is this: since, after all, The City of God reflects much of St. Augustines own personality and is colored by it, the reader who has never met Augustine before ought to go first of all to the Confessions. Once he gets to know the saint, he will be better able to understand Augustines view of society. Then, no one who is not a specialist, with a good background of history or of theology or of philosophy, ought not to attempt to read the City, for the first time, beginning at page one. The living heart of the City is found in Book Nineteen, and this is the section that will make the most immediate appeal to us today because it is concerned with the theology of peace. However, Book Nineteen cannot be understood all by itself. The best source for solutions to the most pressing problems it will raise is Book Fourteen, where the origin of the two Cities is sketched, in an essay on original sin. On the other hand the protestant reformation deals with the religious movement which made its appearance in western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs. The causes of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century must be sought as far back as the fourteenth. The doctrine of the church, it is true, had remained pure; saintly lives were yet frequent in all parts of Europe, and the numerous beneficent medieval institutions of the church continued their course uninterruptedly. Whatever unhappy conditions existed were largely due to civil and profane influences or to the exercise of authority by ecclesiastics in civil spheres; they did not obtain everywhere with equal intensity, nor did they always occur simultaneous in the same country. Ecclesiastical and religious life exhibited in many places vigor and variety; works of education and charity abounded; religious art in all its forms had a living force; domestic missionaries were many and influential; pious and edifying literature was common and appreciated. Gradually, however, and largely owing to the variously hostile spirit of the civil powers, fostered and heightened by several elements of the new order, there grew up in many parts of Europe political and social conditions which hampered the free reformatory activities of the church, and favored the bold and unscrupulous, who seized a unique opportunity to let loose all the forces of heresy and schism so long held in check by the harmonious action of the ecclesiastical and civil authorities. Luthers theology is his understanding of God that can be summarized as Gottes Gottheit, which means God is God. In the deepest sense, Luther believes that God is above all and in all. God, through his creative power, reveals that he is free and immutable. He alone can bring life into existence. He alone sustains life. He alone freely wills. Moreover, what God wills can not be impeded or resisted by a mere creature. God is all-powerful and therefore, Gods will is alone immutable. Any person, therefore, that appeals to the freedom of human will attempts to usurp for themselves an attribute that belongs only to God. The free and immutable will of God is, in Luthers writings, fundamental to a right and proper faith. Without it, God is not God and Scripture would, therefore, have to be annulled. In BOW, Luther constantly emphasizes these two characteristics of the will of God and points out their significance for the Faith. In addition, Luther argues that God has two wills as pertains His nature: (1) the revealed will of His word and, (2) the hidden or inscrutable will. These characteristics of Gods will provide the basis for understanding and interpreting Luthers conviction that the human will is enslaved. For Luther, the free will of God is not simply Gods limitless and unobstructed ability to choose between any set of variables in any set of circumstances. Rather, it is Gods unique ability to transcend all these variables and circumstances to perform, or not perform, any action that He desires. Gods will is not contingent upon the will of any other being. In ceaseless activity, God creates the possibilities. As such, the free will of God is most plainly revealed to humanity through His creative acts. God freely chooses to create our present reality and likewise, He freely sustains this reality. In fact, reality does not exist except by the will of God. To this all-encompassing extent then, Luther asserts that God is all in all. Nothing is that God does not declare to be. And, it is this creative power that manifests Gods freedom, His free will. In recognizing Luthers pronounced emphasis on Gods sovereignty, Paul Althaus declares: â€Å"God is the first or principal cause, all others are only secondary or instrumental causes. They are only the tools which he uses in the service of his own autonomous, free, and exclusive working; they are only the masks under which he hides his activity†. The second characteristic of Gods   will that is crucial to Luthers understanding of the bondage of the human will, is its immutability. That is, Gods will can not be changed, altered or impeded. The immutability of Gods will is the logical conclusion to the freedom of Gods will. Gods sovereignty and almighty power demands that whatever God wills happens by necessity. Nothing occurs contingently. Gods will does not act independently of reality, as the human will does, but rather, Gods will creates reality. In Luthers theology, the will of God is not contingent and so likewise, the foreknowledge of God is also not contingent. For whatever God wills, he foreknows and so, whatever He foreknows must, by necessity, happen. For if it did not happen, then God would be fallible and His will contingent which Luther declares is not to be found in God!   It is the immutable will of God, acting freely, that provides the Christian with the assurance of things hoped for (Heb 11:1), namely that the promises of God will be fulfilled. As Luther suggests, the Christians chief and only comfort in every adversity lies in knowing that God does not lie, but brings all things to pass immutably, and that His will cannot be resisted, altered or impeded. Indeed, for Luther, the conviction that Gods will is free and immutable must be central to the Faith. Yet, Luthers theology presents a problem: if God wills everything and everything He wills comes to pass then one must conclude that God wills the salvation of few and the damnation of many (cf. Mt 22:14). Luther answered this dilemma by teaching that God has two wills, the revealed and the hidden. As Luther declares in BOW, Gods decree to damn the undeserving . . . [who are] compelled by natural necessity to sin and perish does indeed seem horrible. Moreover, all rational and philosophical knowledge of God can not avoid the terrible reality of this conclusion, for as Luther concedes, the injustice of God . . . is traduced as such by arguments which no reason or light of nature can resist. Luther understands this horrible decree in light of Gods justice in two ways. For Luther, the answer to these questions is twofold: (1) we must simply believe that Gods justice is righteous because in Christ God has proven His love and compassion and, (2) we should not probe into the hidden or inscrutable will of God wherein God operates paradoxically, i.e. righteousness made evident through unrighteousness. Luthers twofold answer to the questions of damnation reveals a high view of Gods sovereignty and majesty. Moreover, the answer is in accordance with Luthers view that Gods will is uniquely free and immutable. The answer also demands that the Christian simply trust in God. The Christian must believe all that is revealed in Scripture, not merely those things that are pleasant to the senses, and as such, we are compelled to accept the fact that God actively chooses to reject certain people. Nevertheless, if God has said in His Word that He is loving and gracious, and He has revealed himself to be such through His forbearance with the Israelites and the glorious plan of salvation through Jesus Christ, but what right can we judge the manner in which God oversees and sustains the world? For Luther, this is precisely the point at which the Christian must heed the words of God, spoken through the prophet Isaiah: For my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways my ways, says the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts (Isa 55:8-9). Luther would likewise appeal to Gods answer to Job in Job 38-41 and the words of Paul in Romans 9:20 as yet other examples of the futility of comprehending the incomprehensible and inscrutable will of God. Luther, therefore, answers the critics of predestination and defends Gods decree to affect unbelief in people by appealing to this inscrutable wisdom and will of God, a will that cannot be understood by any attempt of human reason. Because God is God, He has the right to condemn man for sins that God works in Him.10 And so, it is by faith that the Christian simply trusts that God is righteous, loving and gracious in so working. Luther consoles the Christian by exhorting them to look only to the revealed will of God that promises salvation to all who receive Christ. Thus, He does not will the death of a sinner-that is, in His Word; but He wills it by His inscrutable will. At present, however, we must keep in view His Word and leave alone His inscrutable will; for it is by His Word, and not by His inscrutable will, that we must be guided. Yet, for Luther, knowing that God does possess a hidden and inscrutable will of God provides valuable insights for the Christian. The inscrutable will of God tempers the revealed will of God. The doctrine of the free, immutable and inscrutable will of God, therefore, contributes three important foundations to the Christian Faith: (1) God is sovereign, all-powerful and therefore, even evil is under the sway of His goodness and as such, the Christian can be certain that the promises of God will be realized, (2) humanity is not free to earn or demand anything of God and so, Gods gift of salvation can truly be called free and gracious and, (3) the Christian, in response to these truths, is properly humbled and learns, in reverent adoration, to fear God, who acts freely and immutability for His glory. In consequence of his view of Gods will, Luthers view of the human will is necessarily placed in total subjection to the Divine. It is in this respect that Luther stands in contrast to Erasmus. Luthers discussion of this topic is theocentric, beginning with a discussion of God and His attributes whereas Erasmus belies an anthropocentric view, beginning with human experience. For Luther, that Gods will is immutable logically demands that mans will is mutable. For if Gods will is not contingent but immutable and free, no other will can be also be immutable and free otherwise these wills could impede one another and consequently, these wills would no longer be immutable and free but rather, they would be subject to one another. As such, Luther rightly proclaims the inconsistency of the term free will. In Luthers writings, there are three primary considerations to consider in evaluating the characteristics of the human will: (1) the human will is mutable, (2) as a consequence of the Fall, the human will is enslaved to sin and, (3) the human will requires the grace of God, offered through the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ Jesus, to affect any positive change in a persons life. Luthers position on the Divine and human wills was not a small matter to him. In Table-Talk, Luther once stated in regards to his position that I know it to be the truth, though all the world should be against it; yea, the decree of Divine Majesty must stand fast against the gates of hell. The belief that humanity is enslaved to sin and that it is only by sovereign election that God saves a person formed the basis for Luthers conviction of justification by grace through faith. Grace is one the most important principles of biblical interpretation to Luther and no where is divine grace more evident than in the doctrine of election. And, it is this sola gratia principle of Luthers faith that preserves the eternal significance of Christs death and resurrection. It is by his sacrifice, not by our own works, that God graciously extends salvation to the elect. As Luther often remarked, to assert the freedom of the will is to deny the necessity of Christs atoning work. Conclusion Augustine produced a wealth of evidence to prove that paganism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction. By means of his contrast of the earthly and heavenly citiesthe one pagan, self-centered, and contemptuous of God and the other devout, God-centered, and in search of graceAugustine explored and interpreted human history in relation to eternity. Saint Augustine examines the failure of Roman religion and the flaws in human civilization, thus creating the first Christian philosophy of history. Against the city, i.e., society, of many gods, there is but one alternate society, this Augustine calls The City of God, adopting the expression found in several of King Davids psalms. Not only is the society of many gods the society of polytheists, it is also the city of pantheists, atheistic materialists and philosophical Cynics. In the case of the Cynics and atheists, these false gods are the myriad gods of self, indeed, at least as many gods (selves) as there are believers in them. Thus there are two cities, two loves, two ways to understand the big questions of existence, two destinations. Says Augustine:   The one City began with the love of God; the other had its beginnings in the love of self. XIV:13. The city of man seeks the praise of men, whereas the height of glory for the other is to hear God in the witness of conscience. The one lifts up its head in its own boasting; the other says to God: Thou art my glory, thou liftest up my head. (Psalm 3.4) In the city of the world both the rulers themselves and the people they dominate are dominated by the lust for domination; whereas in the City of God all citizens serve one another in charity. . . References 1. http://www.newadvent.org The Catholic encyclopedia The Journal Of Religion, J. Jeffery Tyler, volume 85, Part 1(2005), pages 317 – 319 Althaus, Paul. The Theology of Martin Luther. Translation of 2nd edition by Robert C. Schultz. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press, 1966 . Luthers Works, Volume 31: Career of the Reformer I. ed. Philip S. Watson. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press, 1957.

Importance Of Sustainable Construction Engineering Essay

Importance Of Sustainable Construction Engineering Essay Definition for sustainable construction stated by Kibert: the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles as a starting point. These days when construction industry is one of the major contributors to the damage of the environment is an emergence to act. The scale of energy efficient refurbishment is one of the most vital basics that need to be measure to contribute with the reduction of energy consumption in the building sector. In addition, the implementation of new building refurbishment techniques provides an excellent way to decrease energy utilization. At the same time, it involves technical, economic and social problem. According to Sunnika the real potential for sustainable building and CO2 carbon reduction lies in a management of the existing stock of residential building. The construction industry plays a very important role in the human existence, which is important to quality of life in terms of housing, workspace, utilities and transport infrastructure; therefore, it has a high economic significance and has serious environmental and social consequences (Burgan and Sansom, 2006). When people spent most of the time of the life in buildings the good practice of the new technologies will provide an affordable housing, which will be reflective in their activities and satisfaction in their lives. The regulations of sustainable development should focus on the building sector more specifically in the life cycle of the building stated by Sobotka and Wyatt (1998). The inefficiency of buildings during the life cycle, it is a barrier to the appropriate sustainable development due to the changes that has to suffer the building when it is the time to upgrade the housing stock of new technologies. In many places in the world there are large amount of structures that posses and incredibly long lasting condition including bridges, buildings, cathedrals and so on. A standard life time of 80 to approximately 100 years in most of these structures will mean that new designs are going to have high impact on a construction ´s environmental performance. Therefore, when considering a new design, it is imperative to include sustainability principles from the beginning of the project which allows the achievement of low environmental-impact. . [17] At this point is when is possible to analyze the importance that the flexibility of the design has over the environment. Sustainable construction must rely on three basic principles: Resource management life-cycle design Design for human Design for the environment. (Sev, 2009). 2.4.1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Around 50% of all global resources are consumed by the construction industry (Edwards and Hyett, 2001). All building activities involve the use, redistribution and concentration of some components of the earths resources, such as water, energy and materials. During these activities effects occur, changing the ecology of that part of the biosphere (Hudson, 2005). The accurate use of those resources are really important at the moment of the construction, the scheme shows some important points that need to be assessed at the moment to achieve a sustainable construction. Efficient use of energy Efficient use of water Efficient use of materials Efficient use of land 2.4.2. LIFE CYCLE DESIGN 2.4.3. DESIGN FOR HUMAN According with these principles, it has to be taking into the account for the future of the new designs, the integration of the principles in order to accomplish the performance of the building. Additional, flexibility in the design is a great contributor to the environment when its time of change the functions into the building, this characteristic is really useful. Sustainable design and construction aims to create a healthy built environment, preventing environment degradation and providing human health and good conditions of living. However, long-established designs and current constructions procedures are giving more importance to monetary and quality issues when sustainable construction is one of the most relevant issues in terms of sustainability, especially when is one of the areas that needs to be assessed, nowadays when the environment is tackling against. There are six ideologies for the sustainable construction stated by Kibert [16]: Minimisation of resource consumption; Maximisation of resource reprocess; Make use of renewable and biodegradable resources; Look after the natural environment; build a healthy and non-toxic environment; and Pursue eminence in creating the built environment. By following the six ideologies stated by kilbert, that are an example of the possible issues that need to be to covered and attended, especially when the climate change is the one of the main problems. And the construction industry is one of the most important areas that necessitate to be assessed due to the effect that this market has against the environment. In addition, the awareness of all the people that is involve in the construction industry and the people that is not involve how are the consumers it is in actual fact important. In other words both the existing built environment and the process of adding to it have numerous environmental, social and economical impacts. Construction is directly and indirectly conscientious for the emission of greenhouse gases, outstanding to energy used for raw material removal, transporting, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition etc. (Sorrell, 2003; Rwelamila et al., 2000). All the communities are involved in different ways and thr ough the global regimentations that allow communities to adopt new programs and new technologies with accessible prices and understand of the use of them. BARRIERS IN THE SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION. There is a currently some aspects that constrain to achieve the targets that the government has for the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In the white paper it was accepted the dependency of this factors: increasing energy supply from renewable resources, the emergence of new technologies such as fuel cells, improving conventional generation e.g. retrofitting clean coal technologies; and increasing energy efficiency. Another barrier to the implementation of energy saving measures and the use of energy efficient technologies has been the past cost of both electricity and gas in the UK. (Kelly, 2005).XXXXX There has been a lot of attention to energy use in new buildings through regulation and exemplars.   But improving new buildings only addresses part of the problem around 60% of the building stock in 2050 has already been built.   And nearly half of these buildings were built before 1985 when the energy efficiency requirements of Part L were introduced. It can be expensive and inconvenient to modify a building while it is being used.   But buildings experience a number of refurbishments throughout their life: from refreshing the brand to a change of use.   We have been learning how to make the most of these opportunities to cut carbon. We have published a range of case studies and a management guide to share our experience in low-carbon refurbishments.   We also offer a building is design advice service to help cut carbon in new-build and refurbishments. (www.carbontrust.gov.uk). BEHAVIOUR BARRIER Social barriers are related to behavioural barriers, for the reason that, it involves thoughts and values, as a consequence the behave of the individuals is an obstacles to accomplishment the targets. An evidence is that this type of barriers are absence of information or perceptive of the concerns. At the individual level, values, beliefs and social context are also critical antecedents or determinants of behaviour and thus may either facilitate or inhibit climate change responses(Burch, 2009). This is one of the most difficult barriers to diminish due to attitude of people, government have been working hard in policies and legislations as one of the most effective way the change the mind of the society. Nevertheless this is hard work and it needs time to persuade people with dynamic way to teach. Human behaviour is a barrier in terms of renewable technologies and the possible improvements in the carbon pricing, when the Government have a role in providing a policy framework to guide effective adaptation by individuals and companies in the medium and longer term. To educate individuals and change their behaviour is a difficult constrains to beat. However, a new policy that motivates people to contribute and make them conscious about the payment of the humanity has with the environment will help to minimize the environmental problem. KNOWLEDGE BARRIER The lack of knowledge of the parties is one of the main barriers that sustainable development was confronting, before people were conscious about the environmental problem, individuals start investigating on this area, however, there is a lot to know about this topic specially for the those that are involve in all the areas that implicate sustainable development such a construction industry. TECHNICAL BARRIER The performance of the new technology is a risk in most of the cases due to limitation in the structure of the building during the installation of the new technology. It became a barrier in existing buildings when it cannot be achieved the integration between the structure of the building and the renewable technologies as it is new element in the structure of the construction. They are reluctant to adopt policies which require excessive design changes (William, K. and Adair, C., 2009). The interventions of new technologies can show some problems at the moment of the installation of new technologies, this is one constrain that can be show in the currently improvements that have been assessed in the housing stock. It is possible to find ways to enhance the performance in the installation of the ways in the future. However, this barrier make designers think for future constructions and take into the account from the first phase of the design. This is designed for a development to be technically sustainable the technologies, materials or design features used need to perform effectively and contribute to sustainable in their right as Stated by Williams and Dair. The design of buildings is one of the most common barriers when is time to install new technologies such a ground source heat pump or P.V. Such as installation can be affected due to the conditions in the structure of the building, the stakeholders have to make several changes in the design and it will increment the cost. These drawbacks could be avoided, thus designers, architects and developers are found on its design of the structure of new buildings. Buildings generally experience a variety of changes and adaptations during their life-cycle, and this process is dramatically important and depending upon the manner in which they are operated and managed, can have varying levels of environmental impact. This is related with the inertia of the built environment where the physic structure of the building does not change quickly. Conversely all of these basics do alter over time and are replaced, repaired, refurbished or renewed. Sustainability is not about the general or fundamental immediate disorder of the built environment, which knowledge has proven to be costly in both social and financial terms. Nevertheless sustainable development is disturbed with all the changes that a building can suffer during their life cycle. (Wilkinson, 2007). DESIGN BARRIER the initial phase of the building is fundamental and critical for the future sustainable development, to prevent the currently the problems and the difficulty to find a immediate solutions, the labour for the architects, developers and engineers have to be more solid form the first stage of the design, when in the stock is visible, one of the biggest problems at the moment is the improvements that have to done in the for nowadays when sustainable construction became important and is one of the most relevant topics when it is possible to analyse all the factors in the appropriate development. The stock in united kingdom is a big issue to resolve due to the different stage of design that is possible to view as it was mentioned it can be solve trough the strong policies in the marketing and at the same time,

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey Ms. Pallavi D. Phalke , Dr. Emmanuel M. ABSTRACT Emotion is a very important facet of human behaviour which affect on the way people interact in the society. In recent year many methods on human emotions recognition have been published such as recognizing emotion from facial expression and gestures, speech and by written text. This paper focuses on classification of emotion expressed by the online text, based on predefined list of emotion. The collection of dataset is the basic step, which is collected from the various sources like daily used sentences, user status from various social networking websites such as  facebook and twitter. Using this data set we target only on the keywords that show human emotions. The targeted keywords are extracted from the dataset and translated into the format which can be processed by the classifier to finally generate the Predicting model which is further compared by the test dataset to give the emotions in the input sentences or documents. Keywords— Affective Computing, Classification, Document Categorization, Emotion Detections. INTRODUCTION Recently much research is going on in emotion recognition domain. Recognition of emotions is very useful to human-machine communication. Many kinds of the communication system can react properly for the humans emotional actions by applying emotion recognition techniques on them. These systems include dialogue system, automatic answering system and robot. The recognition of emotion has been implemented in many kinds of media, such as image, speech, facial expressions, signal, textual data, and so on. Text is the most popular and main tool for the human to convey messages, communicate thoughts and express inclination. Textual data make it possible for people to exchange opinions, ideas, and emotions using text only. Therefore the research for recognizing from the textual data is valuable. Keyword-based approach to the proposed system since the keyword-based approach shows high recognizing accuracy for emotional keywords. Interaction between humans and computers has been increased with increase in development of information technology. Recognizing emotion in text from document or sentences is the first step in realizing this new advanced communication which includes communication of information such as how the writer/speaker feels about the fact or how they want the reader/listener to feel. Analyzing text, detecting emotions is useful for many purposes, which includes identifying what emotion a newspaper headline is trying to evoke, identifying users emotion from their statuses of different social networking sites, devising dialogue systems that respond appropriately to different emotional states of the user and identifying blogs that express specific emotions towards the topic of interest. List of emotions and words that are indicative of each emotion is likely to be useful in identifying emotions in text because, many times different emotions are expressed by different words. For example cry and glo omy are indicative of sadness, boiling and shout are indicative of anger, yummy and delightful indicate the emotion of joy. To capture emotion from text document we require the classification which aims at presume the emotion conveyed by the documents based on predefined lists of emotion, such as Joy, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Sad and Surprise. This emotion recognition approach is mainly focused on two main tasks. 1) The test data that is text document collected from any news articles, user statuses from different social networking sites etc. required for understanding the emotions evoked by words. This is because a different word arouses different emotions comprehended from our day to day experiences. For this purpose, need is to enhanced dictionary with emotion word from ISEAR, WorldNet Affect to improve in result. 2) Need for text normalization to handle negation, since the scope of words is larger in this scenario, the usage of words and their diverted form is large too. So these problems need to be solved properly. The next part of this paper is organised as follows: Section II discusses a survey of emotion detection from text, Section III describes different algorithms on different datasets for emotion recognition, Section IV briefly compares proposed work followed by experimental study with result in section V and Section V concludes the paper. THE SURVEY OF EMOTION DETECTION FROM TEXTS Definitions about emotion, its categories, and their influences have been an important research issue long before computers emerged, so that the emotional state of a person may be inferred under different situations. In its most common formulation, the emotion detection from text problem is reduced to finding the relations between specific input texts and the actual emotions that drives the author to type/write in such styles. Intuitively, finding the relations usually relies on specific surface texts that are included in the input texts, and other deeper inferences that will be formally discussed below. Once the relations can be determined, they can be generalized to predict others’ emotions from their articles, or even single sentences. At the first glance, it does not seem to involve so many difficulties. In real life, different people tend to use similar phrases (i.e. â€Å"Oh yes!†) to express similar feelings (i.e. joy) under similar circumstances (i.e. achieving a goal); even they native languages are different, the mapping of such phrases from each language may be obvious. More formally, the emotion detection from text problem can be formulated as follows: Let E be the set of all emotions, A be the set of all authors, and let T be the set of all possible representations of emotion-expressing texts. Let r be a function to reflect emotion e of author a from text t, i.e., r: A Ãâ€" T → E and the function r would be the answer to our problem. The central problem of emotion detection systems lies in that, though the definitions of E and T may be straightforward from the macroscopic view, the definitions of individual element, even subsets in both sets of E and T would be rather confusing. On one hand, for the set T, new elements may add in as the languages are constantly evolving. On the other hand, currently there are no standard classifications of â€Å"all human emotions† due to the complex nature of human minds, and any emotion classifications can only be seen as â€Å"labels† annotated afterwards for different purposes. As a result, before seeking the relation function r, all related research firstly define the classification system of emotion classifications, defining the number of emotions. Secondly, after finding the relation function r or equivalent mechanisms, they still need to be revised over time to adopt changes in the set T. In the following subsections, we will present a classification of emotion detection methods proposed in the literature, based on how detection are made. Although they can all be classified into content-based approaches from the point of view of information retrieval, their problem formulation differs from each other: 1. Keyword-based detection: Emotions are detected based on the related set(s) of keywords found in the input text; 2. Learning-based detection: Emotions are detected based on previous training result with respect to specific statistic learning methods; 3. Hybrid detection: Emotions are detected based on the combination of detected keyword, learned patterns, and other supplementary information; Besides these emotion detection methods that infer emotions at sentence level, there has been work done also on detection from online blogs or articles [1][2]. For example, though each sentence in a blog article may indicate different emotions, the article as a whole may tend to indicate specific ones, as the overall syntactic and semantic data could strengthen particular emotion(s). However, this paper focuses on detection methods with respect to single sentences, because this is the foundation of full text detection. A. KEYWORD-BASED METHODS Keyword-based methods are the most intuitive ways to detect textual emotions. To approximate the set T, since all the names of emotions (emotion labels) are also meaningful texts, these names themselves may serve as elements in both sets of E and T. Similarly, those words with the same meanings of the emotion labels can also indicate the same emotions. The keywords of emotion labels constitute the subset EL in set T, where EL also classifies all the elements in E. The set EL is constructed and utilized based on the assumption of keyword independence, and basically ignores the possibilities of using different types of keywords simultaneously to express complicated emotions. Keyword-based emotion detection serves as the starting point of textual emotion recognition. Once the set EL of emotion labels (and related words) is constructed, it can be used exhaustively to examine if a sentence contains any emotions. However, while detecting emotions based on related keywords is very straightforward and easy to use, the key to increase accuracy falls to two of the pre-processing methods, which are sentence parsing to extract keywords, and the construction of emotional keyword dictionary. Parsers utilized in emotion detection are almost ready-made software packages, whereas their corresponding theories may differ from dependency grammar to theta role assignments. On the other hand, constructing emotional keyword dictionary would be naval to other fields [3]. As this dictionary collects not only the keywords, but also the relations among them, this dictionary usually exists in the form of thesaurus, or even ontology, to contain relations more than similar and opposite ones. Semi-automatic construction of EL based on WorldNet-like dictionaries is proposed in [4] and [5]. As was observed in [6], keyword-based emotion detection methods have three limitations described below. 1) AMBIGUITY IN KEYWORD Though using emotion keywords is a straightforward way to detect associated emotions, the meanings of keywords could be multiple and vague. Except those words standing for emotion labels themselves, most words could change their meanings according to different usages and contexts. It is not feasible to include all possible combinations into the set EL. Moreover, even the minimum set of emotion labels (without all their synonyms) could have different emotions in some extreme cases such as ironic or cynical sentences. 2) INCAPABILITY OF RECOGNIZING SENTENCES WITHOUT KEYWORDS As Keyword-based approach is totally based on the set of emotion keywords, sentences without any keywords would imply like they don’t contain any emotions at all, which is obviously wrong. 3) LACK OF LINGUISTIC DATA Syntax structures and semantics also affect on expressed emotions. For example, â€Å"He laughed at me â€Å"and â€Å"I laughed at him† would suggest different emotions from the first person’s point of view. Therefore, ignoring linguistic information also create a problem to keyword-based methods. B. LEARNING-BASED METHODS Researchers using learning-based methods attempt to formulate the problem differently. The original problem that determining emotions from input texts has become how to classify the input texts into different emotions. Unlike keyword-based detection methods, learning-based methods try to detect emotions based on a previously trained classifier, which apply various theories of machine learning such as support vector machines [7] and conditional random fields [8], to determine which emotion category should the input text belongs. However, comparing the satisfactory results in multimodal emotion detection [9], the results of detection from texts drop considerably. The reasons are addressed below: 1) DIFFICULTIES IN DETERMINING EMOTION INDICATORS The first problem is, though learning-based methods can automatically determine the probabilities between features and emotions, learning-based methods still need keywords, but just in the form of features. The most intuitive features may be emoticons, which can be seen as author’s emotion annotations in the texts. The cascading problems would be the same as those in keyword-based methods. 2) OVER-SIMPLIFIED EMOTION CATEGORIES Nevertheless, lacking of efficient features other than emotion keywords, most learning-based methods can only classify sentences into two categories, which are positive and negative. Although the number of emotion labels depends on the emotion model applied, we would expect to refine more categories in practical systems. C. HYBRID METHODS Since keyword-based methods with thesaurus and naà ¯ve learning-based methods could not acquire satisfactory results, some systems use a hybrid approach by combining both or adding different components, which help to improve accuracy and refine the categories. The most significant hybrid system so far is the work of Wu, Chuang and Lin [6], which utilizes a rule-based approach to extract semantics related to specific emotions, and Chinese lexicon ontology to extract attributes. These semantics and attributes are then associated with emotions in the form of emotion association rules. As a result, these emotion association rules, replacing original emotion keywords, serve as the training features of their learning module based on separable mixture models. Their method outperforms previous approaches, but categories of emotions are still limited. D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS As described in this section, much research has been done over the past several years, utilizing linguistics, machine learning, information retrieval, and other theories to detect emotions. Their experiments show that, computers can distinguish emotions from texts like humans, although in a coarse way. However, all methods have certain limitations, as described in the previous subsections, and they lack context analysis to refine emotion categories with existing emotion models, where much work has been done to put them computationalized in the domain of believable agents. On the other hand, applications of affective computing would expect more refined results of emotion detection to further interact with users. Therefore, developing a more advanced architecture based on integrating current approaches and psychological theories would be in a pressing need. III. ALGORITHMS USED IN EMOTION RECOGNITION A brief summary of the various works for emotion recognition discussed in this paper are presented in Table1. Table 1: Results and feature-set comparison of algorithms IV.EMOTION RECOGNITION IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION The block diagram of the emotion recognition system studied in this paper is depicted in Figure 1.It contains three main modules: Affective communication unit, Data Aggregator, Emotion Recognition Engine and recognized emotion class as an output. Figure 1 : Block diagram of emotion recognition system for Affective communication AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION UNIT Affective Communication Unit is nothing but the users account in any social networking site (tweeter or facebook). This system take input from these two social networking sites. DATA AGGREGATOR Data Aggregator collects user tweets and status from tweeter and facebook. These tweets/status serve as an input to Emotion Recognition Engine. EMOTION RECOGNITION ENGINE Emotion Recognition Engine including Bayesian Network classifier categorizes incoming data into 3 types of emotions: happiness, sadness, and neutral, because this system mainly focuses on finding stress level of user. It is broken up into 2 major phase: Training Phase and Testing Phase. Training phase consist of five important parts: The Training Dataset, Keyword Extraction, Keyword conversion, Training Model and Predicting Model. Before it generate the predicting model or file, training phase get the training dataset from which it extracted the keyword from the emotion training date, and convert the keyword using keyword conversion into the format that can be processed by the classifier in the Training Model. Testing phase which is also called predicting phase consist of Testing dataset, Keyword extraction, Keyword conversion and predict model. The testing phase extract the Keyword from the given sentence, which was the input from the keyboard and then translate the keyword (word of natural language) using the Keyword conversion into the format that can be processed and then we compare it with a predicting file in predict module and finally gives the output as appropriate emotion expressed by the text. VI.CONCLUSION The proposed system is able to recognize the happy and sad state of a person from his tweets posted on tweeter from his mobile. The experimental results Shows that the we get better accuracy using Naive Bayes classifier than that of Support Vector Machine. VII. REFERENCES [1] 2. Tim M.H. Li, Michael Chau, Paul W.C. Wong, and Paul S.F. YipA Hybrid System for Online Detection of Emotional Distress PAISI 2012, LNCS 7299 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012M, 73–80. [2] Abbasi, A., Chen, H., Thoms, S., Fu, T.: â€Å"Affect Analysis of Web Forums and Blogs Using Correlation Ensembles.† IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2008) ,1168–1180. [3] T. Wilson, J. Wiebe, and R. Hwa, â€Å"Just how mad are you? Finding strong and weak opinion clauses,† Proc. 21st Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence Jul. 2007, 761-769. [4] D. B. Bracewell, â€Å"Semi-Automatic Creation of an Emotion Dictionary Using WordNet and its Evaluation,† Proc. IEEE conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems, IEEE Press, Sep. 2008, 21-24. [5] J. Yang, D. B. Bracewell, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"The Creation of a Chinese Emotion Ontology Based on HowNet†, Engineering Letters, Feb. 2008,166-171. [6] C.-H. Wu, Z.-J. Chuang, and Y.-C. Lin, â€Å"Emotion Recognition from Text Using Semantic Labels and Separable Mixture Models,† ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing Jun. 2006, 165-183. [7] Z. Teng, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"Recognition of Emotion with SVMs,† in Lecture Notes of Artificial Intelligence Eds.Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006,701-710 . [8] C. Yang, K. H.-Y. Lin, and H.-H. Chen, â€Å"Emotion classification using web blog corpora,† Proc. IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, Nov. 2007, 275-278. [9] C. M. Lee, S. S. Narayanan, and R. Pieraccini, Combining Acoustic and Language Information for Emotion Recognition, Proc. 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 02), 2002, 873-876. [10]http://www.affectivesciences.org/reserachmaterial [11] http://www.weka.net.nz/